Muzıka-yı Humayun

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde müzik alanında önemli sonuçlar doğuran MUZIKA-YI HÜMÂYÛN konusu ele alınmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun kurulduğu ilk yıllardan beri var olan Yeniçeri Ocağı ve orduda önemli yeri olan Mehterhane konularına da; MUZIKA-YI HUMAYÛNun doğmasında önemli etken oldukları için yer verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda batılılaşma isteği doğrultusunda kurulmuş olan MUZIKA-YI HÜMÂYÛN sayesinde saraya batı müziği girmiş ve bu dönem açısından birçok değişimin ve sosyal yapıda birçok yeni sanat olayının ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. iii

In this study (dissertuation) it is intended to investigate and explain the importance of the Military music Muzika-yi Hümayun (Military Music School) which take place in the Palace of the Ottoman Empire. After the dissolution of the Jannisary, the need of innovation appears as a necessity and the army was the first one after a short while the education of the music in the army was not sufficient. For that reason, in the Palace it is intended to organize a school that educate Easthem music. This emperial music school was called Muzika-yi Hümâyûn. The music educators of different nationality were accuping as instructors. These insturctors accomplished your dut with success and they became medails and honnors because of your talency and because of the performance of you students. This innovation in the music ais adopted upon a hard work leaded with the instructors of the Western world. This study is divided into 5 sections. In the first one it is investigated shortly the new army founded after the renovation peridod, that is followed the Military Music, Muzika-yi Hümâyûn. Until the perio of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn, the renovation of the army was one or two army succeded one after one. But these all have been not admissed. The renovater empires having succeded one another, the wishing final form of the defined army succend one another, is being obtained better one. At least the erection of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn was the prof of the success. The organization of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn was a very big one. This kind of music serves a great deal to the Turkish Music and help him to reach safely to our day. The influence of the Western Music upon Turkish music is not deniable. Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn has the proporiority of these two short of musics. The officially recognized of the Westhern Music in our country was of course benefit of the Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn. Indead very eminent Turkish composers have the apportunity to keep alive the old music and to inscribe in writting manner and thus we have the possibility to listen their music. Muzıka-yı Hümayun was the first Turkish conservatory and it was founded earlier than for many other existing in hole the world. Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn was not only the innovator of the Military Music in Ottoman Emprire, but olso theather and opera are protected from the Empire as an art indead. Otherwis Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn threw at first the iiiimission of introducing music in the Palace life and to educate musicians. Muzika-yi Hümayun errected a Band af Musicians and it is developped in his media. Beside this, small string groups became his duty in the assembly, After one year, beside military purpose the organization obtain a quality of conservatory. In the second section, it is explained the musical organization for Ottomanish Army for the Empire period. Since for the first time of the foundation of Ottoman Empire, the military music entitled Mehter take place in the Army called Yeniçeri. In the life of the ancient Turks, soldiers, army and war were very important conceptions. Beside these conceptions there was also Military Music. For that reason, the ancient Turks consider the Military Music important errection of `tabilhane and tuğ takımları` give us any idea over the importance of such an endeavor. This all pointed out the importance of the music in the living of the army. In the music of Mehteran, the musical instruments are preponderant. But, between musical works beside `peşrev` variaty of vocal musical works have been created. The time where the Turkish Army were in the Middle of Auropeinl7. century, some elements of Mehter Music is adopted by the western musicians. These were the striking instruments as `kös` and `çevgân` with undescribed ones. Noon in the works of some western composers it can be remark any questions. The sonic system of mehter is the known one. The starting tone and method of classical Turkish Music are used, even Mehter Music has his oven method. Otherwise, some starting tones are used by the chore-assembly. Mehter Music iclude Military Music and divertissement music. The repertuary of Mehter Music contain popular music and art music. Mehter music composer with her piece of music have to give hugness, his aim is to dope the army and to coward the enemy. The playing instruments are composed from espacially ryithm instruments. The used tone system is as the Turkish one. The repertuary is inncomposed from the works composed according to the Military target Otherwise in the section 2 it is spoken over the interaction between Mehteran and Western Musical systems. The share of the music among Janissari's victories are indead tinteresently and importantly very high in the history kof Ottoman Empire in the pas time. Howower. in the war time, music player Mehter is always taking place near the army playing music and these was a very important influnce agains the soldiers. As a very important organisation in the Ottoman Empire Mehteran is developed very succesfully. For mat reason, different divisions, instruments, systems of voice, too much repertuars and finally the interaction between Europe are explained. Before the renovation time of sovereignty, the development of Muzika- yı Hümâyûn is explained in section 3. After the dead of the founder Ottoman Empire Osman, her son Orhan intended to establish a very strong Army to increase the success first of all. He founded a school called School of Unexperinced soldiers. This was the first base stone of the Janissary Army. In the meantime, the frontiers of Ottoman Empire was unlarged and this was thecause of the disturbance in his oven home. Janissariy's Army winning all battle and knowing the great share of its oven, there were not content for his position and provocate whole Army. In this time began immence rebellion. This action was indead the cause of decadence and his missleading action continuate until the begining of the sovereignity of Selim UJ. In the period of sovereignity Selim IH was the appology of this trouble.. After the dead of Emperor succed him this son Mahmut U as a renovalist, he dispersed all time rebelist Janissari's Organisation in 1826. He erected new regular military organisation called Nizam-i Cedid (New System). After a while he dissolve this new one to errect in his place an other new one called Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediyye (Helpfull Soldiers' Muhammed). iiiiiiThe first reason of the establishement of the foundation Muzıka-yı Hümayun (music of palace) was the liquidation of Janissary Army. Mahmut II, after annihilate Janissari and Mehteran, he feel himself a renovation in the case of music to be take in concideration. For that reason, he let come abroad music instructors for his oven enviroment and then the Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn is organized. In this section it was also mentioned eminent musician in this period. The first insturctor of mis music-school was Guiseppe Donizetti. Donizetti was a long while in the Palace emperial giving a deal of effort for getting successful musicians. Donizetti let come also very eminnent musicians abroad and they have of course very much assistance of his oven wordiness efforts. Donizetti was the first who harmonize the Classical Turkish Music according to the Western Musical rules. In this context he armonizes ma many deal of pieces of music and mis whole was the successful pioneer for estabilsh Western Music in Turkish area. Donizetti was the first who learn the Western Music notations to Turkish musicians. The Italian music as a distinguished branch of the Western Music remainded in the Turkish Musician ears. He also sponsered to organize music Band and Symphony Orchestra. In this way he let listen the Western Music. Beside Donizetti, Guetelli Paşa wasduty in Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn. Guetelli, in period of his youngness knowing many opera he cant reject Italian school. He was a hardworking and he was a model for his students. His hard working was recognized by his students. His students were very pride of him. He learned his students to benefit from national melodies to compose pieces and national marchs. The theorical lessons were ver usefull indeed. His students were on suitable time the chief of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn or Military Band. In the section 4, it is mentuoned over other branches of arts as for example theater, opera, karagöz, orta oyunu, acrobatie and marionnete. After htese it is mentioned above the biffurcation in the Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn himself as orchestra chose (Fasıl Heyeti) and his players. iiiiiiiOther sections beside Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn as opera and theather were of course very important and they were known at first in the Palace than in the public. It will be successful. After a while this sections were on the city and they were in the culture- center of the city. They were admired from the people. Orchestra, chore and solists (müezzinen), the main sections of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn were developed. In the section 5, it is mentioned above the developement of the Muzika- yı Hümâyûn for and after the period of Turkish Republic. The well education given by Muzaka-yı Hümayun is the man reason of well established new musical school in the new musical school in the new time of Republic Turkey. Until the foundation of Turkish Republic, beside Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn it was Regiment Music, Artillerie Music, Naval Music, Civil Music, Galiphate Music. In this section it is mentuoned about the composers music and his action. In the period of Turkish Republic beside Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn, it talks above the foundation of Military Music School and his action. After the organisation of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn, music playing on feast days was now instead of old Turkish Music, marchs were taken at mere places. The composer of our Hymn has be educated in the beam of Muska-yi Hümâyûn. The instruments and notes of composition played by the educators of Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn will be let come from Italy was a sign of interest of Italian Music. Otherwise Italian songs, marchs and opera were taken priority in music world. Finally, it is understood that renovation of Mehteran to Muzıka-yı Hümâyûn was not enough to be westhemly, but in this occasion the Empire/State of Ottoman closed nearest relation between the western circle. After all the Empire History lost a deal of his future. muni