Anadolu`daki iç kale cami ve mescidleri (2 cilt)

Abstract

339 8. SUMMARY In different periods of the history, Turks prepared many inroads from middle Asia to Anatolia. Inroods which made Anatolia as a `Turkish Land` began from XI century. After The Malazgirt Battle (1071), all the resistance of Byzantium Empire had been broken, from now on, after this triumph, Turks started an activity of spreading and settling with a great speed. There was some growing in the cultural structural in the favour of Turks. The Great Seljuk Sultans such as Tuğrul Bey, Alparslan and Melikşah charged Turkish commanders with the conquer of Anatolia. These commanders founded their sovereignty in the regions they conquered. During XII. XIII. centuries, the principalities of Saltuklar, Mengücüklüler, Danişmendliler, İnanoğullan, Artukoğullan and Ahlatşahlar ruled in their areas in Middle and East Anatolia. Following the defeat of state of Anatolia Seljuk in the Kösedağ Battle, (June 1, 1241) by Mongols, there lived a Mongol sovereignty in Anatolia. There, from that date untill the obtainment of the political universality of Ottoman State, many principalities were founded. The buildings studied in our Doctorate Theses named `Citadel Mosques and Small Mosques in Anatolia` blonged to different principalities. These are İnanoğullan (Diyarbakır Citadel Mosque) Artuklular (Hasankeyf Citadel Mosque) Mengücükleler (Divriği Citadel Mosque) Saltuklular (Erzurum and îspir Citedal Small Mosques) Zengiler (Harran and Ravenda Citadel Small Mosques), Anatolian Seljuk State (Konya Citadel-Mosque and Small Mosque). Ankara Citadel Mosque Çorum and Bayburt Citadel Small Mosques). Memluklular (Samsun and Araban Mosques Citade Mosques). Akkoyunlular (The Turkoman dynasty) Mardin Citadel Mosques and Small Mosques). Hamidoğulan (Yerköy Citadel Mosque) Karamanoğullan (Karaman Citadel Mosque and Yeşildere Citadel Mosque), Aydınoğullan Germencik Selçuk Citadel Mosques). There are twenty citadel mosques and small mosques blonging to different dynasties. Some of the citadel mosquse and small mosques were built in the capital of İnanoğlu, Artuklu, Mengücüklü, Anatolian Seljuk, Akkoyunlu, Karamanoğlu and Ottoman State.340 These constructions, the founders of which were Sultans, had a great importance in their period, too. In the citadel mosques we studies it has clearly been understood that nearly all the square, crosswise and in depth plans which are seen in Turkish art were applied in those buildings. On the front-sides of the buildings, stone, stone-brick, stone-sundried brick and wooden meterial were used. These materials had varied according to their time and regions. The plans of alters which determines the direction of Mecca, have the same characteristics with the other mosques' atters. Among these, Konya Citadel Mosque's alter is one of the best of the monumental Seljuk alters. As for the pulpits of citadel mosques had an singificant importance during their period. The pulpits of citadel mosques of Konya, Ankara and Hasankeyf are among large size pulpits. If minarets of citadel mosques which are the symbols of Turk-Islam cities are monumental size, they are, at the some time, the symbols of conquest. When a citadel was conquered, a mosque was build in it and its minaret was planned and build to be seen from remote distance. The minarets of citadel of Konya, Selçuk, Çeşme, Alanya, İspir, Van, Çanakkale are the examples of this. The ornaments of citadel mosques and small mosques in Anatolia were densen on portal, alter, pulpit and on walls of interior place. The sorts of handwriting seen in Turkish- Art such as `kufi, ma'kıli, celi sülüs, and celi talik` were applied successfüly in inscriptions of the mosques. Up to now, citadel mosques and smal mosques built between XI and XIX conturies were thought that they had simple constructions and had no peculiarities. But in the end of our work, it has been appeared that these constructions are the pinoeer or continuous of their time and these had formed an important chain of Turkish Art. From the point of their architectural plan, place perceptiveness, wrap system materials, technique, frontside designe, portal, alter, pulpit, minaret, mahfil, support meterial, transition element, and ornament.