Erken dönem Osmanlı mimarisinde yazının kullanımı (2 cilt)

Abstract

7. SUMMARY Through the end of XIILth century, political association and wholeness were became corrupt in Anatolia and many dynesties were founded such as Karamanoğutlan, Aydmoğullan, Germiyanoğulları, Saruhanogullan. Around Söğüt, Bilecik, İznik and Bursa in 1299 Osmanogullan Principality declared its independence. Starting their political struggle and constructed their own artchitectural monuments. As they were neighbour with Byzantium state, they often hade to performed inroads and on the regions lands they conquered they built monuments in different styles. Nearly until 1500, Ottomans lived an establishment area. After that date they became a state, organized their institutions and as a parelel of this progress, their clasical-period in architecture started, too. In our research-work titled `The Usage of Writting in Early Ottoman Architecture` every kind of writings on the monuments which were built from eary of Ottomans to 1500 and are standing on Turkey's land were examined cronologicaly. In this period not only in architecture but also in the form of writing some important fundemental basics were arranged and some great progress were gained. Our aim to study this period as a doctorate theses can be summarized as follows: To give names the monuments, to date them and determine their functions truly; as if there is, to correct mistakes of publications had been pressed before on this subject; to translate / analyze the texts of the inscriptions parellel proper to the original ones and to make them meaningful by registrating according to transcript methodology; to show the areas that inscriptions take place today; to ecaluate inscriptions according to calligrapy by examining their language and grammar properties, types of writting, calligrapher, meterials and techniques as a whole; to follow the gained prase in the characteristics of writing which was used by states before Ottomans and during Ottomans by the states which were contemparary by following the prosses in the term use studied according to the chronological order in the characteristics of writing which was used in the architecture of the states before Ottomans and of the contemporary states, to investigate the innovations which were brought to classicalperiod. In the study, these resukts were attained: First of all, some architectural monuments were re-named builders, names, architects, and building time of some545 architectural monuments were re-determined, because their inscriptions had been analyzed wrongly before. Some of the inscriptions are illuminating political and social events of the studied period. The case of burning of Bursa in the battle between Karamanogullan and Ottomans took place in the inscription of Bursa Orhan Gazi Mosque. Again it has been learned from the inscription of Samsun Castle the order to bum the region that the Greeks lived and to destroy their castles was given by Çelebi Mehmed after battle which was occured in Samsun between Turks and Greeks of Pontus. Another one, it is understood from the series names in the inscription of Istanbul Fatih Mosque. That Emir Süleyman who got the rulership in weak-period (Fetret) wasn't approved by his successor padishahs inscriptions were started to be written in verse considering the end of Sultan II Murad's period, calenders were dated in `ebced` (the ancient) order, the title of padishahs of time and his blessing sentences were removed step by step. This is a characteristic which wasn't applied to the inscriptions before Ottoman. Thus, in writing an inscription poem and poet became effective, too. These processes were influental on compositions of texts. To the inscriptions which had been written in line-based before, müsenna (fold) was started to stow. While, on the constructions before Ottomans, these types of writing such as kûfî, ma'kılî, muhakkak and cell sülüs were used, it is determined that cell ta'Iik was used for the first time in this period. In the study, some new calligraphers who didn't take place in the biographys of calligraphers, but had signiture on inscriptions, bu had signiture on inscriptions were brought to light. Those are Mehmed bin Lâcir, Mûsâ bin Adil, Hacı ivaz Paşa, Ahmed, Seyyid Mehmed, Efsahî and Nâzırî'dir. Besides, the resulted in that the caliigrapher of Amasya Sultan II. Bâyezîd Mosque (Ali bin Mezîd) was the same person with Ali bin Yahya es-Sûfî. Consequently; The inscriptions of the examined period aren't only source of knowledge giving giving the identity of a architectural monument but also language culture, history of state which is on the establishment level. They are master-works reflecting the living style of the state and completing the esthetical universality of that state.