Mimari tasarımda biçim grameri:metro istasyon tasarımı

Abstract

ÖZET Mimarlıkta formlar, elemanlar ve boşlukların tükeninceye kadar organizasyonu söz konusudur. Tasarımcılar, tasarım ürününü oluşturan elemanların bu anlamda formüle edilmesi için farklı yöntemler oluş turmaya çalışırlar. Tasarım süreci ve dil arasındaki ilişkinin formüle edilmesiyle bir metot oluşturmayı hedefleyen tez çalışmasının birinci bölümünde, çalışmanın amacı ve kapsamı yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde, tasarım ürününün farklı bakış açılarına göre tanımı, mantık, dilbilim ve mimari içindeki yeri ele alınmakta ve problem çözme süreci olarak tasarım açıklanmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ortamında tasarım ve dil ilişkisi ortaya konmaktadır. Bu ortamda sözlük-gramer ve dil ilişkisine bağlı olarak tasarımın yorumlanması ve üretilmesinden söz edilmekte, çözümün parametrik işlemle bulunmasına yer verilmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, tezin çalışma alanı olan metro istasyonları genel tanımı yapılarak, bunlara ait tasarım kriterleri ve oluşturul muş prototip örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, bilgisayarla tasarıma yönelik yapay akıl prog ramlama yapısı açıklanarak, uzman sistem olarak geliştirilen metro istasyon tasarımı yapay akıl programı belirlenen gramer yapısına göre açıklanmaktadır. Bu bölümde ayrıntılı olarak açıklanan algoritmaya ilişkin Pascal programlama dilinde yazılmış programın ekran düzeni ve prosedürleri ekte verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde ise yapılan çalışma ile ilgili sonuç ve öneri ler sunulmaktadır. vı

SUMMARY SHAPE GRAMMAR IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: SUBWAY STATION DESIGN Design, which vitaly affects the safety and well-being of human beings, covers a wide range of behaviours within a large number of disciplines; - graphic art, product design, the many facets of engineering, industrial process, and architecture. The products of these design disciplines are performed in varied ways. Issues in design include functionality, meaning, exhibits sophistication in varing degrees. Design activity may be involved adjusting dimensions of some well-established form. If may also range from, the subtle adaptation of well-established prototypes, such as notes of music, critical language, the classification of classic columns. In design, certain operational tools are used. In 1970s, computers began to be used in design. The computer provides facility for both representing knowledge and carrying out the operations of design. The most common form of knowledge used in computers is as procedural algorithms. The knowledge in such systems should be in a form that can be understood by humans, so that it is accessible and open to scrutiny. The form of knowledge representation can be operated upon by a computer. In order to create useful computer systems some simple constructions are needed for putting design knowledge together and rendering it operable. This would appear to be heuristically based. In this study certain themes included various models of design can' be placed within the paradigms of science, logic and vocabulary- grammar-language. Various views of design find their origins within the disciplines of science, problem solving, logic and language theory. According to these aspects, the aim of this thesis is to constitute a syntactic knowledge-based design model and is to apply it to subway station design. In the first chapter, `description of design and various approaches of design as problem solving` process have been analysed according to the design models as a starting point of the study. VllIn the second chapter, firstly the concepts which form the conceptual framework of the thesis are examined. Various models of design artifacts are placed within the paradigms of science, logic and language theories. Then, these artifact definitions are evaluated in relation to vocabulary grammer-language context with syntactic systems and problem solving procedures in design. The propose that the relationship of criticism to design may be understood as a matter of the syntactic systems of a critical language in a design world. According to this view theories are generalizations or knowledge-based systems to be described certain classes in the following order: Science 1. observation statement 2. theory/hypothesis/conjecture 3. prediction Natural language 1. utterance 2. interpretative knowledge 3. meaning Knowledge-based computer-Arded Design 1. design description (vocabulary) 2. interpretative knowledge (grammar) 3. performance/implicit attributes (design language) vmThe aim of the third chapter is to present conceptual framework that provides theoretical support for certain ideas about design. This framework takes the form of a knowledge-based model of the design process in computer-aided design system. In this chapter firstly a computer-aided design system is used for obtaining the data structure and its associated operations are established the design world. The elements of design world in computer memory, firstly, points, pixels, ares, poligons and other kinds of graphic takens. Procedures are existed for translating information in the data structure into a screen display. The first step in precise formulation of a design world is to specify the primitives (kinds of elementary graphic takens) out of which designs may be assembled. In this design world, there are three concepts on which a knowledge-based model can be based;. representation; to be represent information in a computer system,. interpretation; the mapping between design descriptions and performance requirements,. generation; the composition of design and shape grammar. Starting from this simple idea we find that there are two different types of processes in design. These are top-down and bottom-up knowledge-based design systems. Analogous methods are widely used in computer programming and in the development of text documents, top-down stepwise can be described at three levels. In the first level a vocabulary for design world is formed. Then, this vocabulary is transformed into shape grammar. At the last step, syntactic system is defined as a space of possible designs. The production of design descriptions by generation and decomposition in design can be exploited in producing designs that match with some intended meanings and constraints which in fact set the parameters in design. One of the conclusions in this chapter is that use of top- down knowledge-based design systems and parametric design processes will create an opportunity to carry out design productivity to an entirely new level. The philosophy of CAAD (Computer Aided Architectural Design) systems is explained the relationships between architectural design IXand computer modelling are analysed and the potential roles of computers are discussed at the end of this chapter. In the fourth chapter, the study area of the thesis that are subway stations is determined in relation with vocabulary-grammar- language in design process. In this section typologic analysis has been carried out on subway stations to set the prototypes and to define the language which creates them. As a result of this section a shape grammar has been established in order to generate subway stations in top-down fashion. As the computer systems play an important role in design process, it was possible to create an expert system to carry out this simulation process. So, this system can be used to analyse and organize the typology and prototype of these subway stations. The fifth chapter is dealed with an artificial intelligence programming model for subway stations as an expert systems. In this model the top-down method in the form of a design grammar is choosen and the algorithm generated. A knowledge-based design model has been developed to simulate architectural design process by using the logical sequences of human designers. The subway stations layout generated, are arranged in the following order;. determining the architectural elements of subway stations as vocabulary elements,. determining the prototypes and the rules that generates subway stations layouts as design grammar,. determining the parametres of subway stations as the main set boundary conditions. The space alternatives have been offered to the users. These are determined by the computation of intersections and unions which are in fact essentially deductive. This design process has been given in the appendixes. An interface design has been carried out in a very simple manner to make the communication possible between users and the computer programme. XIn the last chapter, the computers model which simulates the parametric design procedure for subway stations has been discussed. The knowledge-based computer system demonstrates. the possibility of simulating intellectual activities such as architec tural design process and widen the design knowledge in this field. XI