Kültür ve mekan etkileşimi kapsamında konut ve yakın çevresi ilişkilerine diyalektik bir yaklaşım

Abstract

Bentley. These are, self - action, interaction and transaction. And the last classification is made by Pepper which can be seen in the following; formism mechanism, organicism, contextualism, selectivism. All these perspectives have the same importance in environment - behavior studies, but transactional perspective bears the main emphasis in this thesis. According to the transactional perspective; people, approaches and concepts are not different elements, but a whole. The main values of this perspective are the remaining factors of the time. The aim of this perspective is to define the interrelations of the person, place and psychology. The theoretical approach of this thesis is based on the transactional perspective. Home is a unity of culture, psychological processes, space and time, and this transactional whole, by its very definition is not composed of separate elements but is a confluence of inseparable factors, that depend on one another. The approach of the thesis to meaning and use of home is built on this wholistic concept comprising of cultural, behavioral, spatial and temporal components in a transactional perspective. After these explanations, the methods used in environmental psychology studies, which are qualitative and quantitative methods, are shortly explained. The second part of this chapter deals with `culture and house` in the environment behavior studies. After the meaning of culture has defined, the relation of culture and house is explained by the terms of studies of Rapoport, Lawrence and Altman. At last the acculturation of the house in the course of time is considered by the help of Berry's `Echologic, culturel and behavioral acculturation model` (1981) and Turgut's `The structural analysis model of home environments during acculturation process`. (1992) At the end of this chapter, the content and the scale of the thesis is determined. The subject matter of the thesis focuses on mezzo scale is studied by the means of content, behavior and time. The house and the elements that create its near environment, which can be ordered as; garden, the wall of garden, the door of garden. XI

SUMMARY The changing socio - economic and cultural conditions bring together with the change of living spaces. Especially, house and its' near environment, where, a big amount of everydays' life takes place and which have relations with people's life, are the most changed places. What's more, these changes bring about solutions for residents that are not appropriate for our own culture and consequently environments. That's why, the aim of the thesis is to make a synthesis of today's socio - economic and cultural conditions with characteristics of our own culture, in order to constitute an analysis model that will help the future designs of proper environments. The thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, the aim and the general concept of the thesis are defined. In the second chapter, the research field of the thesis is explained and the problem is specified. In this chapter, the main theoretical approaches in environment - behavior studies are explained. These approaches which were studied by Altman can be ordered as follows; phenomenological perspective, anthropological perspective, historical perspective, socio - psychological perspective, transactional perspective. In the other hand, Altman and Rogoff had made another classification about environmental psychology, that can be seen in the following; trait perspective, interactional perspective, organismic perspective, transactional perspective. There is another classification about man - environment relations studied by Dewey andBentley. These are, self - action, interaction and transaction. And the last classification is made by Pepper which can be seen in the following; formism mechanism, organicism, contextualism, selectivism. All these perspectives have the same importance in environment - behavior studies, but transactional perspective bears the main emphasis in this thesis. According to the transactional perspective; people, approaches and concepts are not different elements, but a whole. The main values of this perspective are the remaining factors of the time. The aim of this perspective is to define the interrelations of the person, place and psychology. The theoretical approach of this thesis is based on the transactional perspective. Home is a unity of culture, psychological processes, space and time, and this transactional whole, by its very definition is not composed of separate elements but is a confluence of inseparable factors, that depend on one another. The approach of the thesis to meaning and use of home is built on this wholistic concept comprising of cultural, behavioral, spatial and temporal components in a transactional perspective. After these explanations, the methods used in environmental psychology studies, which are qualitative and quantitative methods, are shortly explained. The second part of this chapter deals with `culture and house` in the environment behavior studies. After the meaning of culture has defined, the relation of culture and house is explained by the terms of studies of Rapoport, Lawrence and Altman. At last the acculturation of the house in the course of time is considered by the help of Berry's `Echologic, culturel and behavioral acculturation model` (1981) and Turgut's `The structural analysis model of home environments during acculturation process`. (1992) At the end of this chapter, the content and the scale of the thesis is determined. The subject matter of the thesis focuses on mezzo scale is studied by the means of content, behavior and time. The house and the elements that create its near environment, which can be ordered as; garden, the wall of garden, the door of garden. XIstreet and public square, are studied. Culture is the main subject of the content and it is analyzed in the content of man - environment interactions. The traditional environment is studied by its spatial and social characteristics. In this context, image / schemata, values and life - style with behavioral responses are taken into consideretion. The third chapter is titled as `Spatial and Social Analysis of House and Its Near Environment.` This chapter deals with the meaning of dwelling. The concept of `home` distinguished from `house` is considered.The house which is a functional setting, a part of the physical environment merely a shelter, does not necessarily carry the meaning and experience of `home.` `Horn` on the other hand, is conceived as the dynamic interaction between the occupant and the dwelling. It is through this interaction that its meaning develops, and this is reflected in its very special way of use. As a result, `home` becomes a more place - based concept rather than a space - based one, a more aesthetic concept rather than a functional object and a kind of 'mirror' of occupants rather than a 'shelter' for domestic activities. In this context, the concepts of home are taken into consideration. The meaning of home is reflected in the use of home space which shows spatial, socio - cultural and temporal characteristics. The meaning and use of home space are defined by a set of interactions which are a number of key concepts, related to home i.e. `order`, `identity` `connectedness`. By means of these concepts, `home` orients us and connects us with the past and the future, and with the physical and social environment around us. (Dovey, 1985). Home as order is studied in three ways which are spatial order, temporal order and socio - cultural order. Order means,- simply patterning in environmental experience and behavior. Being at home is a mode of being whereby we are oriented within a spatial, temporal and socio cultural order. Home also means to be identified with the place in which we dwell. Identity implies a certain bonding or mergence of person XIIXVIIIn the fourth chapter, the dialectic dimensions of house and its near environment is analysed with a dialectic analysis model. The aim of the model is to find out the interaction between spatial and social dialectics of the dwelling in order to exhibit the transactions among culture, space and time and to understand the changes and continuity in the psychological meaning of home. The reasons of prefering the traditional environment as the application area is explained by the help of explanation of the traditional Turkisch house, the traditional Turkish city, dialectic dimensions of the Turkisch housing pattern. After that, the next stage is the model's application. In order to do this, the results of the objective analysis and the results of the case study applied to the residents of the Kale Sokak in Bursa, are used as data. The first step of the model is the dialectic analysis of the relations of house and its near environment in the traditional environment. The second step of the model is the dialectic analysis of the relations of house and its near environment in the changed traditional enviranment. These analysis are taken into consideration by the help of spatial and social dialectics one by one. The relations of the house and its near environment is generalized as: house/garden, garden/street, street/qublic square relations. In the last chapter, it has been investigated whether the thesis reached to its purpose and target. In the light of this thesis, multifunctionality of space usage with its flexible and hierarchical properties have its near environment interactions, especially house and garden relationship has appeared as such an important element of Traditional Turkish Housing pattern.Therefore, it should be considered as essential relationship in the design process, not only with its physical-formal features but, also with its cultural symbolic role in the way of life of Turkish people. The method developed by this thesis is given in the following table. XVIXVIIIn the fourth chapter, the dialectic dimensions of house and its near environment is analysed with a dialectic analysis model. The aim of the model is to find out the interaction between spatial and social dialectics of the dwelling in order to exhibit the transactions among culture, space and time and to understand the changes and continuity in the psychological meaning of home. The reasons of prefering the traditional environment as the application area is explained by the help of explanation of the traditional Turkisch house, the traditional Turkish city, dialectic dimensions of the Turkisch housing pattern. After that, the next stage is the model's application. In order to do this, the results of the objective analysis and the results of the case study applied to the residents of the Kale Sokak in Bursa, are used as data. The first step of the model is the dialectic analysis of the relations of house and its near environment in the traditional environment. The second step of the model is the dialectic analysis of the relations of house and its near environment in the changed traditional enviranment. These analysis are taken into consideration by the help of spatial and social dialectics one by one. The relations of the house and its near environment is generalized as: house/garden, garden/street, street/qublic square relations. In the last chapter, it has been investigated whether the thesis reached to its purpose and target. In the light of this thesis, multifunctionality of space usage with its flexible and hierarchical properties have its near environment interactions, especially house and garden relationship has appeared as such an important element of Traditional Turkish Housing pattern.Therefore, it should be considered as essential relationship in the design process, not only with its physical-formal features but, also with its cultural symbolic role in the way of life of Turkish people. The method developed by this thesis is given in the following table. XVIXVII