Kentsel dönüşümün kentin morfolojik yapısına etkisi: Gaziosmanpaşa örneği

Abstract

Son yıllarda kentlerdeki risk içeren alanların kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ile iyileştirilmesi yaygın bir çözüm yöntemi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bir çok kentte büyük , küçük risk içeren alanlar 6306 sayılı kanun kapsamında riskli alan ilan edilerek, dönüşüm uygulamaları ile kentin kalanıyla bütünleştirilme amacı ile dönüştürülmektedir. Yapılan bu uygulamalar ile kentsel formda köklü müdahaleler ile mevcuttan tamamen bağımsız, morfolojik yapısı bütünüyle değişen yeni kentsel parçalar ortaya koymaktadır. Bu uygulamaların asıl amacı kentsel alandaki köhnemiş alanların kente adapte olması iken kentin kalanından bağımsız yeni dokular ortaya konmaktadır.Bu tez riskli alan ilan edilen kentsel dönüşüm alanlarının üst ölçek planlar ve master planlar yoluyla morfolojik açıdan nasıl değişmekte sorusu üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan teorik araştırmalar ve alan çalışması sonucu kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları ile ortaya çıkan yeni morfolojik dokunun üst ölçek planlar yoluyla mevcut gelişime aykırı olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarındaki kente yapılan müdahalenin doğurduğu morfolojik sonuçların önemi üzerinde durulmuştur.Yapılan kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarındaki morfolojik sonuçlar incelenirken kentsel formdaki dönüşümleri inceleyen Conzen, Muratori, Moudon gibi ekollerin yaklaşımları,teorileri ve teorilerini test ettikleri alan çalışmaları değerlendirilmiştir. İngiliz morfoloji okulunun en temel teorilerini ortaya koyan Conzen'in kentsel morfoloji yaklaşımı diğer ekollerin yaklaşımlarına göre kente ve kentsel formu oluşturan elemanlara daha bütüncül bir yaklaşım getirdiği görülmüş ve çalışma için temel analiz ve yaklaşım yöntemi olarak belirlenmiştir.Kentsel formu oluşturan elemanların (Sokak dokusu, bina dokusu, parsel ve yapı adası) kentsel dönüşüm kavramının etkisi altında yaşadığı morfolojik süreç incelenmektedir. Kentsel formu oluşturan bu elemanlar niteliksel ve niceliksel olarak kentsel dönüşüm öncesi ve sonrası morfolojik doku için ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır.Köhnemiş kent dokusunun kentin kalanıyla bütünleşmesini amaçlayan kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde geçmiş dokunun izlerini belirli noktalarda koruma amacı olmalıdır. Bu tez kapsamında kentsel dönüşüm projelerinin kentsel forma yaptığı müdahaleler farklı ölçeklerde kentsel morfoloji bağlamında incelenmiştir.Kavramsal çerçevenin incelenmesi sonucu İstanbul'un 6306 sayılı kanun kapsamında en büyük riskli alanlarına sahip, yaklaşık olarak ilçe nüfusunun %20'lik kısmının riskli alanlarda kaldığı Gaziosmanpaşa İlçesinde yaşanan dönüşüm ile yaşanan morfolojik değişim Gaziosmanpaşa kentsel dönüşüm master planı üzerinden farklı ölçeklerde incelenmiştir. Gaziosmanpaşa İlçesi yapılan dönüşüm uygulamaları bakımından ilk kez master planı çalışılan ve bu yönüyle diğer kentsel dönüşüm alanlarından ayrılan bir ilçedir. Ayrıca ilçede planlanan yatırım kararları ile riskli ilan edilen alanların dönüşümü sağlanırken ilçenin yeni bir altmerkez olması yönünde plan kararları geliştirilmiştir. Alan çalışması sonucu ilçe genelinde riskli alan öncesi ve sonrası morfolojik yapı birbiri üstüne gelişen iki farklı katman olarak değerlendirilmiş, yapılan bölgelemeler ve çakıştırmalar ile kentsel form ve morfolojik değişim farklı ölçeklerde ortaya konmuştur. Bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ilçe genelinde dönüşümün meydana getirdiği yeni doku master plan üzerinden okunmuş ve morfolojik dokudaki değişimin kentsel formu oluşturan elemanlar üzerinden kalıcılığının farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmanın riskli alan ilan edilen ya da dönüşüm uygulaması yapılan alanlarda uygulanan kentsel dönüşüm planlarının, kent formunu oluşturan elemanlarda yapılan değişimlerin kentin geleceğinde köklü değişim yaptığını göstermesi amaçlanmıştır.

In recent years, improving the risky areas in urban areas with urban transformation applications has been used as a common solution. In many cities, large, small risk areas are declared as risky areas within the scope of Law No. 6306 and they are transformed with the purpose of integration with the rest of the city. With these applications, new urban parts which are totally independent of the current and completely changing morphological structure with existing radical interventions in urban form are being revealed. The main purpose of these applications is to adapt the untouched urban areas to the city while introducing new textures independent of the rest of the city.This thesis has been developed on the question of how the urban transformation areas, which are declared as risky areas, are changed morphologically by upper scale plans and master plans. In the first part of the thesis, the problem definition was made and the aim and hypothesis of the thesis were defined. In the second part of the thesis, definitions of urban morphology and urban morphology schools were made and the English School was taken in detail. Then, the urban form elements which are the subject of analysis of the thesis have been defined. In the third part of thesis, the definition of urban transformation was made, and the relationship between urban transformation and urban morphology was revealed. In the fourth chapter, the field study of the thesis was explained. The current situation of the area and the master plan decisions are compared. The study was tested in both upper and lower scales.Then, master plan is compared in terms of urban form elements.By theoretical research and fieldwork, it has been tested whether the new morphological pattern emerging from urban transformation applications is contradictory to the current development through upper scale plans. The implications of the morphological consequences of urban intervention in urban transformation applications are emphasized.Urban morphology is a topic of study that analyzes the transformations of urban form within a specific time period. Morphological developments in urban area by the urban transformation projects are researched in regard to property relations in this thesis study. As the morphological consequences of the urban transformation applications are examined, theories of the schools such as Conzen, Muratori, Moudon, approaches, the field studies where they tested their theories, which have studied the transformations in the urban form have been used. Conzen 's approach to urban morphology, which revealed the most basic theories of the British morphology school, has been observed to bring a more holistic approach to the urban and urban form elements compared to the approaches of other schools and has been identified as the basic analysis and approach method for the study.The morphological process in which the elements creating the urban form (street texture, building texture, parcel and plot) are under the influence of the concept of urban transformation are examined. These elements constituting the urban form have been qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated and compared with the morphological tissue before and after urban transformation.In the urban transformation projects aiming at the integration of the uninhabited city texture with the rest of the city, the aim should be to protect the traces of past at certain points. Within the scope of this thesis, interventions of urban transformation projects on the urban form have been investigated in different scales in the context of urban morphology.The investigation of the past urban transformation works show that the process lead to a huge change in the morphological structure. Another major factor which triggers the change of current morphological texture is the planning policies that are a part of urban transformation processes. The fact that urban transformation changes the morphological structure completely which itself destroys the existing identity of the settlements has been identified as a problem.Morphological developments in urban area by the urban transformation projects are researched in regard to property relations in this thesis study.While urban morphology and urban transformation are closely linked in principle, they are not always well integrated in practice.The rapid transformation of gaziosmanpaşa urban development has generated great opportunities and challenges for urban planning and design. As a result of urban transformation, change in urban morphology is absolute.Urban transformation is changing the existing environment and urban fabric.This thesis work has studied the morphological change which was caused by a distinct urban transformation process both in terms of size and the number of transformed areas in Gaziosmanpasa district.The hypothesis of `Urban transormation applications cause essential alterations in urban morphology by creating new morphological structures in subject areas` has been investigated over English School Conzen's approach. The main elements of urban morphological structure (urban blocks, street pattern, building pattern) and their sub elements have been thoroughly examined and juxtaposed in order to make comparison.The newly emerged urban texture of Gaziosmanpasa which was caused by urban transformation has been considered as a new layer of city while studying the differences between old and new pattern. As part of the wide scale studies, the elements shaping urban form were also studied in terms of areas that were declared as `risky area`. The elements creating urban form have been assessed as two juxtaposed layers of existing and proposed in a certain part of Merkez Neighborhood which was declared as `risky area`.Gaziosmanpaşa district, which is studied under the thesis, although Istanbul is a late settlement,changes in the historical process it has gone through certain stages from the morphological point of view with its population and unfit urban fabric, which are so intensely focused on urban transformation. With a population of 400.000 plus, it is one of the most populous districts. In 2009 Gaziosmanpaşa district was divided into three districts: Gaziosmanpaşa, the central; Sultangazi, the northern part; and Arnavutköy, the northernmost part. Esenler and Bayrampaşa are at west, Sultangazi is at north and Eyüp is at south and east of district. It was formed from parts of Eyüp and Çatalca districts in 1963.The morphological change experienced by the transformations in the Gaziosmanpaşa District, which has the greatest risk areas in İstanbul and about 20% of the district population is located in risky areas under the law no. 6306. Gaziosmanpaşa has been examined at different scales through the urban transformation master plan as a result of the study of the conceptual framework.Gaziosmanpaşa District is set apart by being different than other urban transformation areas since it is the first district for which a master plan has been developed. Also, while the investment decisions planned in the district and the declared risky areas are being transformed, plan decisions have been made to make the province a new sub-center.As a result of the field study, the morphological structure before and after the risk area in the district was evaluated as two different layers that developed on top of each other, and the regional forms and morphological changes with the regionalizations and overlaps were revealed on different scales. Through a holistic approach, the new tissue which has been created in the district as a whole by the transformation has been observed through the master plan and it has been determined that the permanence of the morphological change on the elements forming the urban form has been differentiated.In this study, it is aimed to show that the changes made in the elements forming the urban form in the areas where the transformation is applied make radical changes in the future of the city.