Şile hamamı restorasyon projesi

Abstract

İstanbul'un kuzeyinde Karadeniz kıyısında yer alan Şile, plajları, doğal güzellikleri vetarihsel zenginlikleriyle bölgenin turizm merkezlerindendir. Kültür ve TabiatVarlıkları Koruma Kurulu kararı ile Şile Merkezi Kentsel Sit ve I. ve II. derece doğalsit alanıdır. Tez kapsamında Osmanlı döneminden bugüne ulaşan HamamdereMahallesi, Cumhuriyet Caddesi üzerinde, 10 ada 2 parsel üzerinde yer alan Şile EskiHamam belgelendirilmiş, tarihsel süreci, benzer dönem yapı tipolojisi ve hamammimarisi incelenerek günümüze ulaşmayan kısımlarının araştırılması ve yenifonksiyon önerisi ile restorasyon projesi hazırlanarak eserin tekrar kullanılaraksürekliliğinin sağlanması hedeflenmiştir. Yapının belgelenmesinde gelenekselölçümler ötesinde, temel olarak lazer tarama ve fotogrametri yöntemi kullanılmıştır.Tarihsel sürece ilişkin araştırmalardan bölgede daha önce hazırlanan tez çalışmaları,Şile Belediyesi Arşivi, tescil dosyaları ve literatür araştırmaları yapılmıştır.Çalışma yedi ana başlıktan oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı veizlenen araştırma yöntemi açıklanmıştır. Eski eser yapılarda belgeleme yöntemleri,yıkık ve harap durumdaki yapılarda araştırma metodu anlatılmıştır.İkinci bölüm, Şile ilçesinin tanıtılması, fiziksel, coğrafi, sosyal yapısı, tarihçesi, ilçedegünümüze kadar gelen anıtsal ve sivil mimarlık örnekleri ele alınmıştır. İlçedeuygulanan koruma amaçlı imar planları ve koruma çalışmaları incelenmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde, hamam kültürü ve mimarisinin ortaya çıkışı tarihsel süreçteincelenmiştir. Türk hamam mimarisi, hamam tipleri ve mekân dizilimleri ile detaylıolarak incelenmiştir.Dördüncü bölümde Şile hamamının genel tanım yapılmış, yapım tekniği, malzeme,ısıtma sistemi ve mimari öğeleri incelenmiştir. Yapıdaki bozulma tipleri ve nedenleribelirlenmiştir.Beşinci bölümde, yapının uzun süredir kullanılmaz ve harap olmasından dolayı oluşanrestitüsyon sorunları anlatılmıştır. Yapıdaki veriler ve tarihsel araştırmalar ışığındayapının günümüze ulaşmayan soğukluk, su deposu ve külhan kısımlarına önerilergetirilmiştir.Altıncı bölümde, yapının tekrar kullanılabilmesi için fonksiyon önerileri getirilmiş veyapısal müdahaleler için yaklaşım yöntemi önerilmiştir.Son bölümde yapıda kullanılan lazer tarama ile belgeleme, tarihsel araştırma ve acilönlem kararları tartışılmıştır. Günümüzde kullanımı azalan ve gün geçtikçekaybolmaya yüz tutan benzer hamam yapıları için koruma ve işlevselleştirme önerilerisunulmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Şile,Hamam, Koruma, Restorasyon, Belgeleme

Sile, on the north of Istanbul by the shore of Black Sea, is a tourism center with itsbeaches, natural beauty and historical richness. According to the decision of theCultural and Natural Heritage Conservation Board, Sile's center is declared as anurban protected area and I. and II. Degree natural protected area. This study aims todocument the Old Sile Public Bath located on the 10th block 2nd plot in the Hamamdereneighbourhood on Cumhuriyet Street, that was built in the Ottoman era and still extanttoday; to ensure its sustainability by proffering a new function for the building; to giveit a new lease in life and a restoration project based on this and the research conductedon its non-extant parts, the historical process it underwent, its structural typology andthe bathhouse architecture of buildings of congruent eras. Apart from the traditionalmethods, laser scanning and photogrammetry methods were essentially used in thedocumentation of the structure. The studies related to the area, Sile Municipalityarchives and registry files were taken into regard in the study conducted on thehistorical process of the area.This study consists of seven main titles. The purpose, scope and research methods ofthe study are detailed in the first part. Documentation methods in ancient relics andresearch methods employed in structures lying in wrack and ruin are listed.In the second section, monumental and civil architectural examples in the district arediscussed along with the physical, geographical and social structure of the district withthe introduction of Sile and its history. Conservation development plans and protectionworks in the district are examined.In the third section, the emergence of public bath culture and architecture has beentraced by delineating the historical process. Turkish public bath architecture has beenstudied in detail with types of bath houses and use of space.In the fourth section, general descriptions, construction techniques, materials, heatingsystems and architectural elements are examined. The type of deterioration in thestructure and its causes are determined.In the fifth section, restitution issues arising from its current state of devastation andidleness are explained. Suggestions are made for the now-defunct frigidarium, waterreservoir and furnace in the light of the historical data and research.In the sixth section, function proposals for the reutilization of the structure are broughtup and approximation methods and offers for structural interference are presented.In the last section, the use of laser scanning documentation, historical research andimmediate conservation are discussed. Conservation and functionalization proposalsare presented for the public bath structures that are gradually becoming obselete andsinking into oblivion by the day.There are many historical monumental buildings of Ottoman, Byzantine andAntecedent Eras. There are castles, lighthouses, churches, fountains, bathhouses,salvages and education buildings around the Sile port where the historical contextureis concentrated.The Old Sile Public Bath is located on the 10th block 2nd plot in the Hamamdereneighbourhood on Cumhuriyet Street. The bathhouse structure was registered by theconservation board decision dated 01.28.1992 and is cited in the Sile Urban SiteConservation Zoning Plan 31 M-IV layout.The parts of the bath house facing northwest and southeast are dilapidated. The backpart of the structure (southeast facade) overlooks Cumhuriyet Street. This part wasdemolished when the Sile-Agva highland was brought into service and the part facingnorthwest was considered to has come down in ruins way before. Hamam Street, astairway that runs parallel to the northeastern front. It is seen that the entrance at thenortheast front of the structure is closed off with earthfill. The part of the bath, that isstill extant, is quite neglected and in ruins today.Two restitution proposals for the era were prepared as a result of the data and historicalresearch for the building plan, frontal setup and roof plan.The restoration project was prepared in line with the problems and restitution workdetermined as a result of the survey and related analysis, in order to forestall theobliteration of the bath house structure, to sustainably conserve and refunctionalize ittaking the needs of the region into consideration.In the restoration approach techniques and methods like redeeming the structure bygetting rid of later additions/auxiliaries, expurgating, conservation of noteworthyfeatures of the era, integration, and reinforcement were employed. It was proposed toconserve the extant structure with a temporary awning from incurring further damagesdue to weather conditions and the walls and top layers be stanchioned with emergencysupport systems until the restoration work starts.Within the scope of the thesis even though 3D laser scanning was performed ease ofaccess to all parts of the structure could not be availed. Details of the building that canbe measured and observed on site were closely examined, however no data wasacquired with regards to the parts that could not be accessed. Hence, a more detailedarchitectural and structural examination and survey control is proposed following thesetting up of scaffolding which will provide access to all parts of the structure duringrestoration.Alongside that, it is proposed that a site survey of the structure and its surroundings todetermine the state of the grounds be conducted, samples to perform partiallydestructive tests to identify the stone walls and top layers of the building and itsmechanical features be obtained and the data employed in the constitution of thebuilding model be controlled and revised when necessary.The unplanned urbanization projects that are fast developing and rapidly changing hasbrought about environmental issues, inability to conserve structures of our heritageand evanescencing of urban identity. Conservation of historical buildings in order topreserve the historical identity of cities, employment of scientific restorationtechniques, selection of expedient functions for buildings and regulation ofenvironmental interactions.The bath house structures which have authentic architectural features, display buildingtechniques and spatial features in terms of Ottoman architecture cannot be maintainedin their original function in our modern life. As very few of the historical bath housescontinue to exist as tourist attractions or with a stunted customer count, most of themunkempt or laying in ruins are about to subside into oblivion. In many of the attemptsat refunctionalizing and restoration, their authentic planimetric features have beenaltered and their architectural elements and features were obliterated.With the endeavor undertaken within the scope of this thesis, the bath structure thatwas damaged during the urban development in Sile was documented, its features wereidentified, and its current status was analyzed. Proposals were made on its extant statein line with historical research. Offers were developed to initially stanchion thestructure and conserve its extant parts. Modern equipment/components and techniqueswere proposed considering that the frigidarium and furnace parts of the buildings aredamaged and destroyed. A proposal is given to have it continue to exist as a heritagewithin the city and to conserve its architectural features as a bath house structure.Along with suggestions for its sustainability through refunctionalization, structuralconservation proposals were made for the preservation of the extant structure in orderto identify the values to be safekept and to stabilize its current status. Minimaladditional architectural elements and designs required for its new function as atemporary and permanent exhibition hall were made. Landscape design proposals arealso offered taking into account the relationship of the structure with its surroundings.Keywords: Sile, Public Bath, Conservation, Restoration, Documentation