Kadınların adalete erişimi: Mevzuat, engeller, uygulamalar ve sivil toplumun rolü

Abstract

BU ÇALIŞMADA, KADINLARIN ERKEKLERE ORANLA ADALETE ERİŞMEK KONUSUNDA ÇOK DAHA FAZLA DEZAVANTAJLI OLDUĞU KABULÜYLE, KADINLARI BU ALANDA DESTEKLEYEN TÜRKİYE'DEKİ YAPILARIN YETERLİ OLUP OLMADIĞINA YANIT ARANMAKTADIR. ÇALIŞMANIN AMACI,TÜRKİYE'DEKİ KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİM SÜRECİNDE KARŞILAŞTIKLARI ENGELLERİ VE BU ENGELLERİ AŞMALARINA DESTEK OLAN DEVLETE BAĞLI VE DEVLET DIŞI YAPILARIN NELER OLDUĞUNU ORTAYA KOYMAK; BU YAPILARI İNCELEMEK,EKSİKLERİNİ,YAPILANLARI VE YAPILMASI GEREKENLERİ TESPİT ETMEKTİR.AYNI ZAMANDA ADALETE ERİŞİM KAVRAMI,KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİ ÖNÜNDEKİ ENGELLER VE UYGULAMACILARIN DÜŞÜNCELERİ ÜZERİNDEN, BUGÜNE KADAR TÜRKİYE'DE PEK AZ ÇALIŞMAYA KONU OLAN ADALETE ERİŞİM KAVRAMINI VE GELİŞİMİNİ İŞLEMEK,UYGULAMACILARIN KADINLARIN ÖNÜNDEKİ ENGELLERİ NASIL TESPİT ETTİKLERİNİ VE BUNLARLA NASIL MÜCADELE ETTİKLERİNİ ÖĞRENMEK, ENGELLERİN ORTADAN KALDIRILMASI YÖNÜNDE YAPILABİLECEKLER KONUSUNDA ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ SUNMAKTIR.ÇALIŞMADA; ADALETE ERİŞİM KAVRAMI,KAVRAMIN DÜNYADAKİ VE TÜRKİYE'DEKİ GELİŞİMİ, KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİ ÖNÜNDEKİ ENGELLER ELE ALINDIKTAN SONRA, TÜRKİYE'DE KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİNİ KOLAYLAŞTIRAN DEVLETE BAĞLI VE DEVLET DIŞI KURUM/KURULUŞLAR İNCELENMİŞ VE BAZI KADIN ÖRGÜTLERİNİN, ADALETE ERİŞİM ALGILARI,UYGULAMALARI VE SÜRECE KATKILARI DEĞERLENDİRİLMİŞTİR. ÇALIŞMADA KULLANILAN YÖNTEMLER; LİTERATÜR TARAMASI, ULUSLARARASI İNSAN HAKLARI BELGELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ, KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİNE DESTEK OLAN DEVLETE BAĞLI VE DEVLET DIŞI YAPILARIN İNCELENMESİ,KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI VE BU YAPILARDA ÇALIŞAN KİŞİLERLE GÖRÜŞMELER YAPILMASI OLARAK BELİRLENMİŞTİR.TÜRKİYE'DE KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİ HAKKINDA ÇALIŞMALAR SINIRLIDIR. ADALETE ERİŞİM KAVRAMI, EKONOMİK (HUKUKİ TEMSİL ÜCRETİ, DAVA HARÇ VE MASRAFLARI, ADLİ YARDIM SİSTEMİNİN YOKLUĞU VE/VEYA İYİ İŞLEMEMESİ VB.)VE SOSYAL (OKUR-YAZARLIK,KİŞİLERİN HAKLARINI BİLMEMESİ,HUKUKİ OKUR-YAZARLIK,DİL ENGELİ, ADALET SİSTEMİNE DUYULAN GÜVENSİZLİK, RÜŞVET VB.)ADALETSİZLİKTEN KAYNAKLANAN ENGELLERLE MAHKEMELERE ULAŞIMIN (FİZİKSEL ANLAMDA)ZOR OLMASI, YASAL SÜRECİN VE İŞLEMLERİN KARMAŞIK OLMASI,HUKUK SİSTEMİNİN HANTALLIĞI,ETKİSİZ İCRA MEKANİZMALARI GİBİ YAPISAL ENGELLERİN ORTADAN KALDIRILMASINI VE HERHANGİ BİR NEDENLE AYRIM GÖZETİLMEKSİZİN HERKESİN ADALETTEN EŞİT ŞEKİLDE YARARLANMA HAKKINI ANLATIR. KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMİ ÖNÜNDEKİ ENGELLERE İLİŞKİN BÜTÜNCÜL BİR BAKIŞIN GEREKLİLİĞİ VE SORUNUN KADININ TOPLUMDAKİ YERİYLE BAĞLANTISI ÇOKLUKLA GÖZ ARDI EDİLDİĞİNDEN ÇALIŞMADA BU BÜTÜNSELLİK VE BAĞLANTI YAKALANMAYA ÇALIŞILMIŞTIR.ÇALIŞMADA KADINLARIN ADALETE ERİŞİMDE KARŞILAŞTIKLARI ENGELLER; EKONOMİK TEMELLİ ENGELLER, YAPISAL ENGELLER VE SOSYAL ENGELLER OLARAK SINIFLANDIRILMIŞTIR.

THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES WHETHER THE STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT WOMEN IN TURKEY IN THIS REALM ARE SUFFICIENT,WHILE ACKNOWLEDGING WOMEN'S DISADVANTAGED STATUS IN COMPARISON TO MEN, WHEN IT COMES TO ACCESS JUSTICE.THE OBJECTIVE IF THIS STUDY IS TO DISPLAY THE OBSTACLES THAT WOMEN ENCOUNTER IN THE PROCESS OF ACCESSING JUSTICE, AND EXPLORE THE STATE AND NON-STATE STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT WOMEN TO OVERCOME THESE OBSTACLES.FINALLY,AN ADDITIONAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO ANALYSE THESE STRUCTURES AND TO IDENTIFY THEIR DEFICIENCIES, MEASURES THAT ARE ALREADY IN PLACE,AS WELL AS THOSE THAT STILL NEED TO BE DEVELOPED AND IMPLEMENTED.IN ADDITION,THE STUDY DISCUSSES THE CONCEPT OF ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT.THE STUDY FURTHER AIMS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE PRACTITIONERS IN THIS FIELD IDENTIFY OBSTACLES THAT WOMEN FACE AND HOW THEY OVERCOME THESE OBSTACLES, AND TO PRESENT POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR ELIMINATING THESE OBSTACLES.THIS IS PROPOSED TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BY FOCUSING IN THE CONCEPT OF ACCESS TO JUSTICE, THE OBSTACLES THAT WOMEN FACE IN THEIR ATTEMPTS TO ACCESS JUSTICE, AND BY ADDRESSING THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRACTITIONERS.WITH THIS PERSPECTIVE, THIS STUDY IS RATHER UNIQUE AS IN TURKEY VERY LITTLE HAS BEEN WRITTEN ABIUT THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE.IN THIS STUDY, THE CONCEPT OF ACCESS TO JUSTICE, ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY, AND THE IMPEDIMENTS TO WOMEN'S ACCESS TO JUSTICE ARE SCRUTINIZED. THEN, THE STATE AND NON-STATE ESTABLISHMENTS/INSTITUTIONS FACILITATING WOMEN'S ACCESS TI JUSTICE ARE ANALYSED. BESIDES, THE PERCEPTION OF SOME WOMEN'S ORGANISATIONS WITH REGARD TO ACCESS TO JUSTICE, THEIR PRACTICES AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS PROCESS HAVE BEEN SURVEYED. THE METHODS USED IN THIS STUDY INCLUDE LITERATURE REVIEW,THE ANALYSIS IF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTS, THE DETAILED COMPARISON OF THE STATE AND NON-STATE STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT WOMEN'S ACCESS TO JUSTICE, AND INTERVIEWS WITH INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN THESE STRUCTURES.THE CONCEPT OF ACCESS TO JUSTICE DENOTES TO ELIMINATING THE STRUCTURAL BARRIERS SUCH AS THE DIFFICULTY IN REACHING COURTHOUSES (IN PHYSICAL TERMS) AS A RESULT OF THE BARRIERS THAT STEM FROM THE ECONOMIC (THE FEES FOR LEGAL REPRESENTATION, FOR LAWSUITS AND EXPENSES, THE ABSENCE OF LEGAL AID AND/OR ITS INEFFICEINCIES ETC.)AND SOCIAL INJUSTICES (LITERACY,NOT KNOWING ONE'S RIGHTS, LEGAL LITERACY,LANGUAGE BARRIER,DISTRUST IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM,BRIBING ETC.), THE COMPLEXITY OF THE LEGAL PROCESS AND TRANSACTIONS,THE CUMBERSOMENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE INEFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS; AND EVERBOY'S RIGHT TO HAVE ACCESS TO JUSTICE ON EQUAL TERMS WITHOUT BEING SUBJECT TO DISCRIMINATION ON ANY GROUND.SINCE THE NECESSITY OF A COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE FOR THE OBSTACLES THAT WOMEN FACE IN ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND THE LINK BETWEEN THIS ISSUE AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY IS MOSTLY NEGLECTED, THIS STUDY ENDEAVORS TO POSSESS A COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE AND TO EXPOSE THIS CONNECTION. THE OBSTACLES WOMEN FACE IN THEIR ACCESS TO JUSTICE ARE CATEGORISED IN THIS STUDY AS OBSTACLES ON THE ECONOMIC BASIS,STRUCTURAL OBSTACLES AND SOCIAL OBSTACLES.