Türkiye`de 1980 sonrası dış ticaretin gelişimi: Enerji sektörü

Abstract

Uluslararası ticaret ve enerji kaynakları ülkelerin gelişmişlik ve kalkınma düzeylerinin ya da bireysel refahın en önemli göstergeleri arasında kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, geçmişten günümüze kadar ülkelerin, ekonomistlerin ve politika uygulayıcılarının en çok üzerinde durdukları konuların başında yer almaktadır. Değişen zaman ve olaylarla birlikte sorunlara getirilen öneriler, ortaya atılan teoriler ve onları savunan kişiler değişse de temel de yatan amaç aynı kalmıştır. Ülkeler için uluslararası ticaret alanında amaç, ekonomilerinin belirlenen hedefler doğrultusunda ilerlemesi ve başka ülkelere karşı rekabet gücünün korunmasıdır. Bunu gerçekleştirebilmenin yolu ise, ekonomi ve ticaret alanında yenilikler yaparak cari açıklıkların giderilmesi, böylelikle ekonomik kalkınmanın sağlanmasıdır. Enerji konusunda ülkelerin öncelikli hedefleri; yerli üretimi ve yerli kaynak kullanımını maksimize ederek, talep duyulan enerji arzının güvenli, kesintisiz, zamanında ve kolay erişilebilir olmasını sağlamaktır. Enerji kaynakları dünyada meydana gelen hızlı ve önlenemez nüfus artışı, sanayileşme, teknolojik ilerlemeler, kentleşme gibi pek çok sebepten ötürü tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, enerji arzının çeşitlendirilmesi, yeni ve yenilenebilir kaynaklar bulunması konusu ülkelerin öncelikleri arasındaki yerini korumaktadır.Gerek ticaret, gerekse enerji kavramı ülkelerin ekonomilerine, kalkınmalarına ve gelişmişlik düzeylerine doğrudan etki ettiği düşünülmesi sebebiyle ülkeler açısından güncelliğini korumaktadır. Bu nedenden ötürü, çalışmanın birinci ve ikinci bölümünde uluslararası ticaret, teoriler ve savunucuları ve son olarak ta Türkiye dış ticaret teori ve politikalarına yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümünde, dünya enerji görünümüne genel hatlarıyla değinilerek, dördüncü ve son bölümünde ise, Türkiye enerji görünümü ele alınmış olup, üretim tüketim oranları ve enerjide dışa olan bağımlılık analiz edilerek çalışma sonlandırılmıştır.

Trade is a continuing subject that all countries pay attention for their economic growth or development from past to present. Even though the products or theories of trade can be various because of the developments and changes of the time, all countries accept the national or international trade is the first condition of being, and development. Before it is accepted as a scholarship economy, trade is made according to the idea of Merchantilism and Physiocrasy. But after it is accepted as a science, lots of different theory and defender appeared whose effects are still goes on to our era. Classical Economists such as; Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Modern Economists who develop their theories with adding new kowledge and their theories can be given as an example. In the first part of the study, firstly some knowledge is given about the Merchantilism and Physiocrasy then Classical Economists and their defended theories are explained with examples. After that, it will be made a short entrance to the subject of World energy outlook, to provide a basis of the next part of the thesis.In the second part of the study, it will be mentioned as two sections of historical development and changes Turkey's foreign trade, before 1980's and after 1980's. It will be cited about the economic policies before 1980's that are closed for other countries, import substituion, these policies are tried but not to compel with the concluded wars and their agreements that are standed for lots of burden and responsibilities for the country, oil and foreign currency crisis, starting from the Republic era of Turkey. After it is figured out of not being reached to the successful conclusions for economic stability and safety with the previous economic policies, which are closed to the foreign trade and import substituion, Turkey decided to make some vital changes about foreign trade policies after 1980's. It is adopted the new and changing world trade ideas with the effects of Globalisation liberalization movements and developing technologies that are dominated all around the world. In other words, it is taken some precautions about liberalization of the economy, foreign expansion, and reduce the goverment's intervention and they are formalized with the 24th January 1980's decisions.In this section it will be informed about the changes of foreign trade policies before 1980's and after that period and their effects about Turkey's economy. Beside this; it will be given a short knowledge about Turkey's distrubiton of the employment and national income which is accepted as the most important sign of developing for all countries. In the end of this section, it will be entered and examined energy supply and the world's energy outlook for informing the next section of the thesis.Energy supplies are another vital important subject for continuing their presence, developing, and individual wellfare for countries. Because, there is a direct connection between the energy supplies of countries and their level of community welfare and progress. Fulfilling the demand which is increasing day by day in an uninterrruptable, fast, safe, low cost, environment friendly way is the primary mission of the countries. The existing energy supplies throughout the world are face to face with extinction dangerous some kinds of reasons such as; the industrialization, fast population increase, technological development. Because of this reason; countiries give acceleration for searching the new and renewable energy supplies. In the third part of the study, it will be examined world energy outlook, production and consumption amounts, existing energy reserves, the compensation rate for production and consumption and future predictions. Then, to provide a basis for the last part of the thesis, it will be given general knowledge about the Turkey's energy outlook.Last but not the least important part of the thesis, it will be given detailed information about the world energy sector, energy supplies, existing energy reserves, future predictions that are released by International Energy Organisation, energy supply distrubition amounts to the countries, production and consumption rates that are given some basic knowledge in the previous sections. After that, it will be passed to Turkey's energy sector. Turkey's existing energy reserves, energy policies, supply and demand rates which are changing from year to year, the compensation rate of production to consumption, future predictions, dependency amount will be analysed with tables and shapes. It will be concluded with the results of energy dependency, such as; the merchandise trade deficits, the expensive amounts of energy import bills and their effects to the economic growth and safety.