Türkiye Helichrysum`ların flavonoid ve uçucu yağ içerikleri açısından karşılaştırılması ve antioksidan, antimikrobiyal aktivite potansiyelleri

Abstract

Asteraceae familyasında yer alan Helichrysum Geartner cinsi, Avrupa, Asya, Afrika, Avustralya, Madagaskar ve Yeni Zelanda'da doğal yayılış gösteren 600'e yakın türü içermektedir (99,29,63). Türkiye Florası'nda ise 15'i endemik 21 türün altında toplanmış 27 taksonla temsil edilmektedir (37,38,52,120). Helichrysum G. taksonlarından bazıları yüzyıllardır bulundukları coğrafyada geleneksel halk tıbbında kullanılmışlardır. Dioscorides `Materia Medica'da` Anadolu'da da bulunan H. sicullum'a (H. soechas subsp. barellieri) safra salgısı düzenleyici olarak yer vermiştir (29). Günümüzde Anadolu'da da bulunan H. arenarium ve H. italicum safra salgısı düzenleyici ve diüretik olarak Avrupa'da kullanılmaktadır (29). H. arenarium (L.) Moench Fransız, 1961 Sovyetler Birliği 1970 Polonya ve 1971 İsviçre Farmakopelerinde ve Alman E-Komisyonu Monograflarında yer almaktadır (29,2). Anadolu halk hekimliğinde bazı Helichrysum taksonlarına ait kurutulmuş kapitulumların ve yaprakların mide ağrıları ve rahatsızlıklarında, sarılıkta, idrar söktürücü olarak ve böbrek taşı düşürmede kullanıldığı kayıtlıdır (37,132,54,48) Günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalarda Helichrysum taksonlarından uçucu yağlar; flavonoidler, asetilenik bileşikler, fenolik bileşikler, karbonhidratlar, yağ asitleri ve arenarin flavin gibi diğer bir grup kimyasalın izole edildiği kayıtlıdır (78,27,31,93). 212found as 0.18 % in H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (ÎZEF No:5620, Kod:H- 146) in Muğla-Marmaris; whereas the lowest amount has been found 0.02 % in the H. armenium subsp. araxinum (İZEF No:5567, Kod:H-122) in Malatya-Hekimhan sample. No scientific data concerning the essential oils of Turkish Helichrysum's has been found, except a poster presentation (115) in a congress on H. plicatum s ubsp. plicatum (Erzurum) a nd a book record (10) refering to a n unpublished study on essential oils quantities in H. armenium, H. graveolens and H. orientale. The essential oils of the taxa different from those mentioned above, have been studied by us for the first time. The compositions of the essential oils are still being studied by us. The flavonoids coded as HA, I, Q, Q4, L, L4, N and A have been investigated in the methanolic extracts of the collected samples capitula. It has been observed that their quantitative analyses results mostly matched with the literature. The results obtained in this study not only fill the gaps in the literature, but also include the first chemical data concerning some of the taxa such as H.chasmolysicum, H. compactum, H. heywoodianum, and H. plicatum subsp. isauricum. Additionnally the amount of Naringenin in H. graveolens (Eskişehir) sample (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21), on which conspicious morphological differences have been observed, has been determined as 2-100 times higher than in any sample anlysed. This rate is 9.878 % of total extract. These results support the possibility of a new taxon. Our studies on this subject will continuing. DPPH free radical scavenging activity results are remarkably interesting. The H. orientale (H-83), H. pamphilicum (H-182.H-187), H. 221H. arenarium subsp. erzincanicum H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum H. armenium subsp. araxinum H. armenium subsp. armenium H. chasmolysicum H. compactum H. graveolens H. heywoodianum H. noeanum H. orientate H. pallasii H. pamphilicum H. plicatum subsp. isauricum H. plicatum subsp. plicatum H. plicatum subsp. polyphillum H. sanguineum H. stoechas subsp. barellieri The morphological investigations of our study of the samples of H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (ÎZEF No:5559, Kod:H-46) in Ürgüp, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (İZEF No:5629, Kod:H-202) in Antalya Rahat Mountain, H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum (İZEF No:5606, Kod:H-96-2) in Van-Gürpınar and H. graveolens (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21) in Eskişehir have shown considerable morphological differences. The typus sample of H. orbicularifolium Sümbül, R. S. Göktürk & Düs En. published as a new species, has been examined and the possibility of being the same as t he endemic H. chasmolysicum that we collected, has been considered. The quantities of essential oils in the 34 samples of 18 taxa varied between 0.02 % and 0.18 %. The highest amount of essential oil has been 220found as 0.18 % in H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (ÎZEF No:5620, Kod:H- 146) in Muğla-Marmaris; whereas the lowest amount has been found 0.02 % in the H. armenium subsp. araxinum (İZEF No:5567, Kod:H-122) in Malatya-Hekimhan sample. No scientific data concerning the essential oils of Turkish Helichrysum's has been found, except a poster presentation (115) in a congress on H. plicatum s ubsp. plicatum (Erzurum) a nd a book record (10) refering to a n unpublished study on essential oils quantities in H. armenium, H. graveolens and H. orientale. The essential oils of the taxa different from those mentioned above, have been studied by us for the first time. The compositions of the essential oils are still being studied by us. The flavonoids coded as HA, I, Q, Q4, L, L4, N and A have been investigated in the methanolic extracts of the collected samples capitula. It has been observed that their quantitative analyses results mostly matched with the literature. The results obtained in this study not only fill the gaps in the literature, but also include the first chemical data concerning some of the taxa such as H.chasmolysicum, H. compactum, H. heywoodianum, and H. plicatum subsp. isauricum. Additionnally the amount of Naringenin in H. graveolens (Eskişehir) sample (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21), on which conspicious morphological differences have been observed, has been determined as 2-100 times higher than in any sample anlysed. This rate is 9.878 % of total extract. These results support the possibility of a new taxon. Our studies on this subject will continuing. DPPH free radical scavenging activity results are remarkably interesting. The H. orientale (H-83), H. pamphilicum (H-182.H-187), H. 221H. arenarium subsp. erzincanicum H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum H. armenium subsp. araxinum H. armenium subsp. armenium H. chasmolysicum H. compactum H. graveolens H. heywoodianum H. noeanum H. orientate H. pallasii H. pamphilicum H. plicatum subsp. isauricum H. plicatum subsp. plicatum H. plicatum subsp. polyphillum H. sanguineum H. stoechas subsp. barellieri The morphological investigations of our study of the samples of H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (ÎZEF No:5559, Kod:H-46) in Ürgüp, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (İZEF No:5629, Kod:H-202) in Antalya Rahat Mountain, H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum (İZEF No:5606, Kod:H-96-2) in Van-Gürpınar and H. graveolens (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21) in Eskişehir have shown considerable morphological differences. The typus sample of H. orbicularifolium Sümbül, R. S. Göktürk & Düs En. published as a new species, has been examined and the possibility of being the same as t he endemic H. chasmolysicum that we collected, has been considered. The quantities of essential oils in the 34 samples of 18 taxa varied between 0.02 % and 0.18 %. The highest amount of essential oil has been 220found as 0.18 % in H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (ÎZEF No:5620, Kod:H- 146) in Muğla-Marmaris; whereas the lowest amount has been found 0.02 % in the H. armenium subsp. araxinum (İZEF No:5567, Kod:H-122) in Malatya-Hekimhan sample. No scientific data concerning the essential oils of Turkish Helichrysum's has been found, except a poster presentation (115) in a congress on H. plicatum s ubsp. plicatum (Erzurum) a nd a book record (10) refering to a n unpublished study on essential oils quantities in H. armenium, H. graveolens and H. orientale. The essential oils of the taxa different from those mentioned above, have been studied by us for the first time. The compositions of the essential oils are still being studied by us. The flavonoids coded as HA, I, Q, Q4, L, L4, N and A have been investigated in the methanolic extracts of the collected samples capitula. It has been observed that their quantitative analyses results mostly matched with the literature. The results obtained in this study not only fill the gaps in the literature, but also include the first chemical data concerning some of the taxa such as H.chasmolysicum, H. compactum, H. heywoodianum, and H. plicatum subsp. isauricum. Additionnally the amount of Naringenin in H. graveolens (Eskişehir) sample (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21), on which conspicious morphological differences have been observed, has been determined as 2-100 times higher than in any sample anlysed. This rate is 9.878 % of total extract. These results support the possibility of a new taxon. Our studies on this subject will continuing. DPPH free radical scavenging activity results are remarkably interesting. The H. orientale (H-83), H. pamphilicum (H-182.H-187), H. 221

H. arenarium subsp. erzincanicum H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum H. armenium subsp. araxinum H. armenium subsp. armenium H. chasmolysicum H. compactum H. graveolens H. heywoodianum H. noeanum H. orientate H. pallasii H. pamphilicum H. plicatum subsp. isauricum H. plicatum subsp. plicatum H. plicatum subsp. polyphillum H. sanguineum H. stoechas subsp. barellieri The morphological investigations of our study of the samples of H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (ÎZEF No:5559, Kod:H-46) in Ürgüp, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (İZEF No:5629, Kod:H-202) in Antalya Rahat Mountain, H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum (İZEF No:5606, Kod:H-96-2) in Van-Gürpınar and H. graveolens (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21) in Eskişehir have shown considerable morphological differences. The typus sample of H. orbicularifolium Sümbül, R. S. Göktürk & Düs En. published as a new species, has been examined and the possibility of being the same as t he endemic H. chasmolysicum that we collected, has been considered. The quantities of essential oils in the 34 samples of 18 taxa varied between 0.02 % and 0.18 %. The highest amount of essential oil has been 220found as 0.18 % in H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (ÎZEF No:5620, Kod:H- 146) in Muğla-Marmaris; whereas the lowest amount has been found 0.02 % in the H. armenium subsp. araxinum (İZEF No:5567, Kod:H-122) in Malatya-Hekimhan sample. No scientific data concerning the essential oils of Turkish Helichrysum's has been found, except a poster presentation (115) in a congress on H. plicatum s ubsp. plicatum (Erzurum) a nd a book record (10) refering to a n unpublished study on essential oils quantities in H. armenium, H. graveolens and H. orientale. The essential oils of the taxa different from those mentioned above, have been studied by us for the first time. The compositions of the essential oils are still being studied by us. The flavonoids coded as HA, I, Q, Q4, L, L4, N and A have been investigated in the methanolic extracts of the collected samples capitula. It has been observed that their quantitative analyses results mostly matched with the literature. The results obtained in this study not only fill the gaps in the literature, but also include the first chemical data concerning some of the taxa such as H.chasmolysicum, H. compactum, H. heywoodianum, and H. plicatum subsp. isauricum. Additionnally the amount of Naringenin in H. graveolens (Eskişehir) sample (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21), on which conspicious morphological differences have been observed, has been determined as 2-100 times higher than in any sample anlysed. This rate is 9.878 % of total extract. These results support the possibility of a new taxon. Our studies on this subject will continuing. DPPH free radical scavenging activity results are remarkably interesting. The H. orientale (H-83), H. pamphilicum (H-182.H-187), H. 221H. arenarium subsp. erzincanicum H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum H. armenium subsp. araxinum H. armenium subsp. armenium H. chasmolysicum H. compactum H. graveolens H. heywoodianum H. noeanum H. orientate H. pallasii H. pamphilicum H. plicatum subsp. isauricum H. plicatum subsp. plicatum H. plicatum subsp. polyphillum H. sanguineum H. stoechas subsp. barellieri The morphological investigations of our study of the samples of H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (ÎZEF No:5559, Kod:H-46) in Ürgüp, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (İZEF No:5629, Kod:H-202) in Antalya Rahat Mountain, H. arenarium subsp. rubicundum (İZEF No:5606, Kod:H-96-2) in Van-Gürpınar and H. graveolens (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21) in Eskişehir have shown considerable morphological differences. The typus sample of H. orbicularifolium Sümbül, R. S. Göktürk & Düs En. published as a new species, has been examined and the possibility of being the same as t he endemic H. chasmolysicum that we collected, has been considered. The quantities of essential oils in the 34 samples of 18 taxa varied between 0.02 % and 0.18 %. The highest amount of essential oil has been 220found as 0.18 % in H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (ÎZEF No:5620, Kod:H- 146) in Muğla-Marmaris; whereas the lowest amount has been found 0.02 % in the H. armenium subsp. araxinum (İZEF No:5567, Kod:H-122) in Malatya-Hekimhan sample. No scientific data concerning the essential oils of Turkish Helichrysum's has been found, except a poster presentation (115) in a congress on H. plicatum s ubsp. plicatum (Erzurum) a nd a book record (10) refering to a n unpublished study on essential oils quantities in H. armenium, H. graveolens and H. orientale. The essential oils of the taxa different from those mentioned above, have been studied by us for the first time. The compositions of the essential oils are still being studied by us. The flavonoids coded as HA, I, Q, Q4, L, L4, N and A have been investigated in the methanolic extracts of the collected samples capitula. It has been observed that their quantitative analyses results mostly matched with the literature. The results obtained in this study not only fill the gaps in the literature, but also include the first chemical data concerning some of the taxa such as H.chasmolysicum, H. compactum, H. heywoodianum, and H. plicatum subsp. isauricum. Additionnally the amount of Naringenin in H. graveolens (Eskişehir) sample (İZEF No:5585, Kod:H-21), on which conspicious morphological differences have been observed, has been determined as 2-100 times higher than in any sample anlysed. This rate is 9.878 % of total extract. These results support the possibility of a new taxon. Our studies on this subject will continuing. DPPH free radical scavenging activity results are remarkably interesting. The H. orientale (H-83), H. pamphilicum (H-182.H-187), H. 221plicatum subsp. isauricum (H-221) and finally H. stoechas subsp. barellieri (H-72, H-78, H-113, H-145 & H-146) samples have a stronger effect when the compared with syntetic BHT which is proved to the 86.540 % free radical scavenging activity. The strongest effect has been determined as 91.06 % for H. stoechas supsp. barellieri (H-145) and the weakest effect has 42.63 % for H. armenium subsp. araxinum (H-144) samples. TAP results are also significant. 14 samples of 34 taxa have been found to have an antioxidant capacity of 15 mmol and more which is equivalent to a-tocopherol acetate. The strongest effect has been observed in H. stoechas supsp. barellieri (H-145) with an antioxidant capacity equivalent to 22.51 mmol a-tocopherol acetate. The weakest effect has been found in H. armenium subsp. araxinum (H-144) with an antioxidant capacity equivalent to 7.22 mmol a-tocopherol acetate. Extracts of different taxa have shown conspicious antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538/P, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Enterobacter cloaceae ATCC 13047. H. graveolens (H-140), H. heywoodianum (H-247), H. orientate (H-147) and H. plicatum subsp. plicatum (H-92) have been observed to have a greater effect on the above mentioned bacteria, when compared with ceftacidime which is antibacterial standart. Different species have shown similar or weaker effects on microorganisms such as Echerichia coli, ATCC 29998, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445. None of the taxa have shown antifungal effect to Candida albicans ATCC 10239. 222All the literature data and results obtained in this study gathered and evaluated, it can be sad that most of the Helichrysum taxa in Turkey which has a richer flora than the whole Europea, have potential in medicinal use. These taxa which aren't included in the production process of drug, food or cosmetic industries in Turkey, should be scientificaly and economically evaluated. Depending on our study and the literature, We may say that the H. arenarium taxa of Turkey and H. arenarium subsp. arenarium which has been used for centuries in Europea, are chemically similar. The H. stoechas subsp. barellieri has a very expencive essential oil for it's use in aromatheraphy, is one of the widespread Helichrysum taxa in Turkey. Moreover H. italicum is similar evaluated abroad. As a result We thing that natural inheritence, emphasized in this study, should be examined, protected and evaluated for scientific and economical benefits. 223