Türk ve Osmanlı toplumu değişiminde tanzimat ve batılılaşma

Abstract

SUMMARY The social change in the 19th century Ottoman Turkish society has been taken up focusing on the example of Tanzimat. The attempts of westernization during this period have been analyzed in relation to the impacts of positivism - oriented modem science and thought. And westernization and with the infrastructure of modern science and thought pivoting upon positivizm. In the second chapter, the concepts of `West` and `westernization` has been compared with the concepts having similar meaning; and accordingly it has been emphasized that any part of the world might be called `West` and anyone might be a `westerner.` Afterwards, in the third chapter, the development of modern science and thought which had generated the military, economical, social, political superiority of The West against the Ottoman State and society has been tackled. This development will make us understand both the West and Tanzimat Period in general and Young Turks Movement in particular, both of which have the key role in the social change of Ottoman Turkish society. Therefore, in the first place, the arguments upon the relations between reason and God's revelation, the adventure of science, positivizm and determinism, which is accepted as the basic principle of science in the West have been introduced. The Tanzimat, which is the name of a worldwide reflecting the values and thoughts of the West as well as the name of a edict or a period, has been related to the French Revolution and its principles; and the argument that it is the result of a social evolution having a long history has been put forward in the fourth chapter. Fifth chapter deals with the learning of foreign languages; for this learning had supplied the possibility to follow the works produced in the West and to get abroad to Europe. Hence, it had constitute the main source of westernization movements taking place in the Ottoman society. The new military and public schools which had been established within the country and the embassies which 5had been opened abroad in the reigns of Selim IH, Mahmud II, Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz, to get acquainted with westerns values and thoughts beside their giving oppurtunity to learn foreign languages became the centres of acquiring political power. Particularly the schools of Abdülhamit Period generated positivist worldview and atheism as a result of the teachings of the sciences carrying determinism in their heart. The movements of the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks has been taken up with an emphasis their political and intellectual opposition; and the fact that solutions had been sought in social science and particularly in socioology, as in the examples of sociologies of Comte, Le Play and Durkheim, has been described. And in the comclusion chapter, the idea that the trend of philosophical thinking together with its branches of positivism, materialism, naturalism, nationalism, Freudism, Darwinism and utilitarianism rendered the prophectical thinking trend in effecetive and inoperative in the 19th century has been discussed.

SUMMARY The social change in the 19th century Ottoman Turkish society has been taken up focusing on the example of Tanzimat. The attempts of westernization during this period have been analyzed in relation to the impacts of positivism - oriented modem science and thought. And westernization and with the infrastructure of modern science and thought pivoting upon positivizm. In the second chapter, the concepts of `West` and `westernization` has been compared with the concepts having similar meaning; and accordingly it has been emphasized that any part of the world might be called `West` and anyone might be a `westerner.` Afterwards, in the third chapter, the development of modern science and thought which had generated the military, economical, social, political superiority of The West against the Ottoman State and society has been tackled. This development will make us understand both the West and Tanzimat Period in general and Young Turks Movement in particular, both of which have the key role in the social change of Ottoman Turkish society. Therefore, in the first place, the arguments upon the relations between reason and God's revelation, the adventure of science, positivizm and determinism, which is accepted as the basic principle of science in the West have been introduced. The Tanzimat, which is the name of a worldwide reflecting the values and thoughts of the West as well as the name of a edict or a period, has been related to the French Revolution and its principles; and the argument that it is the result of a social evolution having a long history has been put forward in the fourth chapter. Fifth chapter deals with the learning of foreign languages; for this learning had supplied the possibility to follow the works produced in the West and to get abroad to Europe. Hence, it had constitute the main source of westernization movements taking place in the Ottoman society. The new military and public schools which had been established within the country and the embassies which 5had been opened abroad in the reigns of Selim IH, Mahmud II, Abdülmecid and Abdülaziz, to get acquainted with westerns values and thoughts beside their giving oppurtunity to learn foreign languages became the centres of acquiring political power. Particularly the schools of Abdülhamit Period generated positivist worldview and atheism as a result of the teachings of the sciences carrying determinism in their heart. The movements of the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks has been taken up with an emphasis their political and intellectual opposition; and the fact that solutions had been sought in social science and particularly in socioology, as in the examples of sociologies of Comte, Le Play and Durkheim, has been described. And in the comclusion chapter, the idea that the trend of philosophical thinking together with its branches of positivism, materialism, naturalism, nationalism, Freudism, Darwinism and utilitarianism rendered the prophectical thinking trend in effecetive and inoperative in the 19th century has been discussed.