Kentsel sit alanlarının korunmasına yönelik politikaların geliştirilmesi örneklem: Bursa-Muradiye/Hisariçi

Abstract

IV ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu Türk kentlerinin geçmiş dönemlerden günümüze kadar korumada geçirmiş olduğu süreç içerisinde evrimini, kimliğini, kişiliğini Bursa Muradiye/Hisariçi Kentsel Sit Alanı örneğinde inceleyerek ülkedeki kentsel koruma konusunda gerekli politikaların oluşturulmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde konunun seçilme nedeni, amaç, kapsam ve çalışmada izlenen yol açıklanmıştır. Brinci bölümde, tarihi ket dokularında koruma kavramı ve kapsamı hakkında kavramsal açıklamalar ve tanımlamalara yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, kentsel koruma politikalarının ulusal ve uluslararası yasal gelişim süreci ve kültür varlıkları koruma uygulamasındaki mali olanaklar belirlenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, kentsel sit alanı tespit edilmiş olan Bursa Muradiye/ Hisariçi yerleşim bölgesi incelenmiş ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi ile burada gerçekleştirilebilecek koruma politikaları belirlenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde ise, tez kapsamındaki veriler ışığında ülkemizde koruma politikası geliştirilmesine yönelik önerilerin yer aldığı sonuç bölümüdür. Koruma, Koruma Politikaları, Tarihi Çevre, Kentsel Sit, Kentsel Koruma Conservation, Conservation Policy, Historical Environment, Urban Site, Urban Conservation

SUMMARY CONSERVATION POLICY ON THE URBAN SITES Sample: Bursa / Muradiye -Hisariçi The aim of this study is to examine and develop a model for the conservation policy on the historical sites within urban areas. Example of historic site is Muradiye -Hisariçi in Bursa. As such this study is not attempt to search for solution to problems of urban conservation but rather it seeks to examine and define the meaning of the concept and scope of preservation and conservation, and to investigate the evolution of the approach to historical preservation and the present stage researched in national and international framework. In our country, every historical site has problems and characteristics of its own. Each historical site has different historical background, geographical condition, socio-economical structure and conservation problems resulted from these problems and characteristics. Therefore, a case study on a historical site would not include all the problems and characteristics of all the historical sites in general. The only common point among all the historical sites is the fact that they are in a spontaneous development without the state intervention. In these sense, the purpose is to observe a conservation policy and process, which are tried to realize with restrictive regulations in a selected case. The research has been done in five steps: First section is the explanation of general purpose. The basic aim of this study is to develop policies for the conservation of the historical environment and to propose a model, which is multifaceted in terms of legal, administrative and planning dimensions. Scope of the study is limited to immovable cultural heritage. As the proposed model in values the development of policies at the scale of Muradiye Hisariçi settlement, the approaches pertaining to these areas are given in general terms.VI The conservation of the natural and historical environment is a whole. However, as there is not a general policy of conservation in Turkey and a result of the haphazard nature of the documentation activities, the conservation efforts reflect themselves in construction bans and implementation controls. Chapter 1 is the definition of the values to be preserved, the concept of urban conservation and preservation, which varies according to characteristics, i.e. protection, restoration, modernization, reconstruction, reconstitution, reproduction, replication and conservation of the character of the environment by specifying and enforcing the module, the scale, the building materials of new developments. Chapter 2 is discussion of the beginning and evolution of the approach to conservation and from the Ottoman period up until the modern times. The aim of the chapter is to describe the policies of the conservation in national and international. The approach to conservation and preservation during the times of Ottoman had been based on Muslim canonical jurisprudence rules and decrees. During the second part of the 19th Century first legislation on conservation of historical building, parts, monuments and environments ranges from the historical to urban scales. After that, the planning and implementation of the conservation of historical sites in Turkey is studied in this chapter. Although the legal aspect of conservation planning exhibit variations from country to country it is observed that the common aspect is that the conservation laws comprise a framework for the activity and leave the actual implementation to specific regulations. In the laws where the institutional framework is also specified, the relations between the local and central government are also described in detail. In Turkeys, there is the zoning Law Numbered 3194 that includes conservation planning and law for theVII Conservation of Cultural and Natural Property, Numbered 2863, 3386 and 5226 include the specification of the organizational structure that is responsible for the determination and conservation of cultural and historical property. In this sense, another aim is to research the financial policy for conservation in the country. In our country, provisions for the economic aspect of conservation are also covered. The specific fund for the financing of such activities is final out. The private sector and house owners supported financially by means of loans with low interest rates. Chapter 3 is evolution of the conservation process in Bursa Muradiye - Hisariçi historical site in the light of the scope research. The reasons why Bursa and Muradiye/Hisariçi were selected as the case are as follows; the destruction of historical values was not wide spread, the conservation potential of the settlement should also be taken into consideration. Urban conservation policy in this historic site had not been researched and developed sufficiently until up today. The study has been done in two steps in this chapter. The first study is done for getting information about Bursa in general meaning. The aim of this study as an pre-observation is to research a basis for a detailed study and to give some idea about the history of Bursa and the scope. The second is survey and research for historic site to develop conservation policy. The first section is about research of city walls and historical site texture. The second is about researching buildings and environment by using method of Geographic Information System (CBS). The other section is about focusing on altering of historical site and houses. The aim is not only to use the information got from the researches in the analysis of `spontaneous conservation` in Muradiye - Hisariçi but also to useVIII them in producing some decisions about future and in introducing proposals for a more efficient conservation of buildings and historic environment In Muradiye/Hisariçi historical site, 1766 building have been examined. In all site, there have been 210 official registered buildings, and 6881 dwellings have been lived. In Bursa Muradiye - Hisariçi historical site, the basic principles for the effective conservation are examined into three groups such as zone scale, zone and building scale, and building scale. Historic houses are values, which cannot be created again once they are demolished. In addition, they are important housing stock and cultural heritage for a country, which has restricted resources like Turkey. For these reasons, historic settlements and houses must be conserved in an efficient way. Chapter 4 is the conclusion and proposition of relevance of the conservation and preservation decisions. Ministry of culture and tourism in Turkey are infect responsible for decision making but also, the municipalities are actual responsible for implementing of urban conservation. However, the municipalities lack the essential tools, resources and policies and they are faced with give problems of urban development. The conservation, preservation, modernization and restoration in historical sites must be considered on planning, organizations, programs, regulations, legislations, financial source, personnel and technique substructure as they are being implemented. There is a need for a new approach in which the costs of conservation are redistributed among the various groups in society. In addition, in that approach, the government must intervene effectively, because with only owners' in dependencies and abilities, conservation is generally impossible or deviated. In this respect, the government will provide and support to theIX owners of the traditional houses as follows; by providing technical aid, by providing financial aid, by rehabilitating the historic sites. Technical aid contains providing material, technical staff, planning and control in conservation works. An authorized group in local goverments can provide these aids. Financial aid contains some credits opportunities. The regulations named `özel ve Tüzel Kişi Mülkiyetinde Bulunan Taşınmmaz Eserlerin Onarımı için Yapılacak Ayni-Nakdi Yardım` and laws 5225 `Kültür Yatırımları ve Girişimlerini Teşvik Kanunu` and 5226 Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıklarını Korunmasına Katkı Payı` must be adopted and the fund must be given to the owners in an organization. This type of studies must be made for other historic towns of Turkeys, having different characteristics of demand, as well as different types of structures to be preserved. Because, decisions on conservation and preservation in Turkey have not been reached a stage for effective implementation. Only then, we may have sufficient knowledge to advance general conclusion and policies for the conservation planning in Turkey.