Milli Mücadele ve Cumhuriyet döneminde öğretmen örgütlerinin eğitim sorununa bakışı (1920-1935)

Abstract

Bu çalismada 1920-1935 yillari arasinda, Türkiye'de kurulan ögretmen örgütlerininegitim sorununa bakisi incelenmistir. Ögretmen örgütçülügünün çok eskiye gitmedigiTürkiye'de, ilk ögretmen örgütlenmesi II. Mesrutiyet'le baslamistir. II. Mesrutiyet dönemindekurulan örgütler, egitim sorunlariyla ciddi olarak ilgilenemeseler de, Milli Mücadele veCumhuriyet Dönemlerinde kurulan örgütlere temel teskil etmislerdir. Bu üç dönemde kurulanörgütler birbirlerinin devami niteligini tasimislardir.Milli Mücadele döneminde, bir yandan ulusal bagimsizligi saglama mücadelesi, digeryandan cehaletle yapilan savas ögretmenlere fazlasiyla görevler yüklemistir. Mustafa Kemalbu ortamda ülkenin egitim sorunlariyla ilgili direktifler vermis, sorunlarin tartisilmasi içinMaarif Kongresi'nin toplanmasini saglamistir. Ögretmenlerin egitimin temel tasi oldugunudüsünen Mustafa Kemal, onlarin örgütlenmelerine de destek vererek ?Türkiye Muallimelerive Muallimleri Dernekleri Birligi? nin kurulmasina ön ayak olmustur.Mustafa Kemal'in ve hükümetin ögretmenlere ve egitime verdikleri bu destek,Cumhuriyet Dönemi'nde de devam etmistir. Egitim alaninda yapilmasi planlananinkilâplardan önce ögretmenlerin fikri alinmis, inkilâplarin uygulama asamasinda daögretmenlere büyük görevler verilmistir. Egitimde ikiligin sona erdirilip okuma-yazmaseferberliginin baslamasinda, Harf Inkilâbinin yerlesmesinde ve Millet Mekteplerininbasariyla çalismasinda sorumluluktan kaçinmamislardir.1923-1930 yillari arasi ögretmen örgütlerinin en güçlü olduklari dönem olmustur.Ancak, 1930 yilindan itibaren ögretmen örgütçülügünde bir gerileme baslamis ve bu gerileme1935 yilinda ögretmen örgütlerinin ülkedeki diger derneklerle beraber Bakanlar KuruluKarari'yla kapatilmasina kadar devam etmistir.

In this work; the way the association of teachers examine the concern of education inTurkey between the years of 1920-1935 is analysed. In Turkey in which the association ofteachers doesn?t have a long past, first teacher?s organization started with the II. Constitution.Although the associations that were established in II. Constitutional Period didn?t seriouslyfocus on the concern of education; they became the background of the associations whichwere established in the years of The War of Independence and the years of Republic TheseAssociations which were established in those three periods became the continuation.Especially in the years of the Independence War, teachers were undertaken withenormous duties, both with the war and struggling with the ignorance. In this atmosphere,Mustafa Kemal issued directives and ensured the assembly of Education Congress in order todiscuss the problems. As he though the teachers to be founder of education, he supportedthem to associate and he encouraged the organization of ?Türkiye Muallimeleri veMuallimleri Dernekleri Birligi?.This support which was given not only by Mustafa Kemal but also by the governmentcontinued in the early years of Republic too. Before the reforms that were planned in the fieldof education the ideas of teachers were borrowed and also some great responsibilities weregiven to the teachers in the stages of revolutional applications. They didn?t give up theirresponsibilities in order to end the differences in education, to start the campaign of readingand writing, starting the reform of Turkish Alphabet and successful achievements of ?MilletMektepleri?.The years between 1923 and 1930 were the strongest period of the association ofteachers, however, after 1930?s a regression continued until closure of the association with themany others which was the decision of The Cabinet in 1935.