Hacı Sadullah Ağa ve diğer Sadullah`lar

Abstract

ÖZET Hacı Sâdullah Ağa, IH. Selim döneminin önemli bir büyük formlar bestekârı, geleneksel mûsikînin karakteristik bir temsilcisidir. 1760 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Babası nın adı Ahmed'dir. Enderun da eğitim ve hizmet gördü. IH. Selim'e musahiplik ve mûsikî hocalığı yaptı. IH. Selim'in gözdesi ile bir aşk macerası yaşadığı ve bu macera sırasında B ay âtî- Araban takımım bestelediği rivayet edilmektedir. IE. Selim'in tahttan indirilip öldürülmesinin ardından, 14 Eylül 1808 de hocalık rütbesi ile Saray'dan çıkarıldı 18 Eylül 1808 yılında bir tabanca kurşunu ile vefat etti. İÜ. Selim ve Hacı Sâdullah Ağa ile birlikte Türk Mûsdrîsinin verimli, Türk Siyasî Tarihinin ise pek parlak olmayan bir bölümü kapanmıştır. Aynı dönemlerde biri Enderun dışından, altı Sâdullah daha yaşamıştır. Bunlardan Sermüezzin Ahmed Sâdullah Efendi ve Başça vuş Sâdullah Ağa bestekârdır. Şâir Sâdullah Ankaravî müzisyen olup, bestekârhğına rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada bestekâr olan iki Sâdullah'ın eserleri incelenmiş ve uslûb tesbitine ça lışılmıştır. Müzisyen olmayan diğer Sâdullah'lar ise ^Defterdar Hacı Sâdullah Efendi, Hazine Kethüdası Hacı Sâdullah Ağa ve Kahvecibaşı Sâdullah Ağa'dır. - V -

SUMMARY Hadji Sâdullah Aga who was one of the most important composers of Selim IITs period had always been confused with the other Sâdullah's of the same period. These Sâdullah's who were the members of the palace were sometimes a composer and sometimes not but were creating a chaos and uncertainty in the identification of Hadji Sâdullah Aga and this had always caused a problem in the History of Turkish music. The general information about Hadji Sâdullah Aga was that he had been one of the prominent composers of the period of Selim HI and had been in love with Mihribân, who was one of the female slaves and the most preferred one by Selim EI. Because of this love affair he had been sent to prison and been forgiven from the capital punishment with the help of his compositions in the makam of Bayâtî-Arabân which had been com posed in jail and later he was married to Mihribân by the approval of Selim HI. All the information that is known in our time about Hadji Sâdullah Aga is not more than a rumour and his compositions had been confused with the other Sâdullah's works and his personality as a composer had not been verified. In this thesis, the lives and the compositions of the other Sâdullah's are examined together with Hadji Sâdullah Aga's in order to find out Hadji Sâdullah Aga's real identity and works. Todays's information about Hadji Sâdullah Aga relies on the article of Nuri Şeyda which was published in 1898. In our thesis we tried to prove that Nuri Şeydâ's article was not a very confidential source according the latest information. - VI -While the birth-date of Sâdullah Aga was shown as 1729, 1730, 1760 in various publications, we announce it as 1760 and his father's name was proved to be Ahmed ins tead of Kerim. All sources show us that has birth place was Istanbul. He was educated and was employed as ` Enderun Ağası ` in the Palace. At the age of ten or eleven he was educated in Galatasaray and then he was taken to Enderun which was the women's apartments of the palace. First he entered ` SEFERLİ KO?UŞ ` (room) Here he was employed with a 60 kuruş salary per year and he was educated in different branches of science and sports. He must have grown up taking music lessons from the most popular musicians and was trained in the palace. He was a poet at the same time. Most probably he was taught by the most outstanding musicians of the century while growing up. Sâdullah Aga, who his also a good poet is supposed to be trained in the palace with a good education in the palace where musicians, wrestlers, barbers and laundrymen were trained whose number were not more than 100. After ` SEFERLİ KO?UŞ `, Sâdullah Aga entered ` Kilerli Koğuş ` and after a twenty years service, he became Selim HTs ` Musâhib ` and the music teacher. As the Sultan's teachers were called ` Efendi `, he was also called ` Sâdullah Efendi `after he had become Selim HTs teacher. After being the Sultans's teacher, he was entitled not to obey the strict rules of Enderun and he had all the rights to get married, to go home in the evenings and also to grow a beard. - vnIt has been said that while giving music lessons to Mihribân he had fallen in love and got married to her though there isn't a historic document on this event. In 1807 Selim m. was dethroned and instead of him Mustafa IV. succeeded to the thorone after these events Yusuf Aga, who was one of the protectors of Sâdullah Aga was killed. Among his personal goods, a document which was related to Sâdullah Aga, was found. This agreement was signed at presence of witnesses. Because of this event we happen to learn that Sâdullah Aga was a clever and good composer besides being Hadji and a poet. Old history books mention their bewilderment on this event because a man who was as clever as Sâdullah Aga had done such a thing only for seven cases of silver coin in reply for the duration taken from his life. On July 28 th 1808, Selim JJJ. was killed, Mustafa IV. was dethroned and instead of him Mahmud II. succeeded to the throne. After losing his protectors Selim Ut. and Yusuf Aga, Sâdullah Aga was sent away from the palace on September 14 th 1808. On September 18 th 1808, he was found shot at home. According to some sources, he was shot dead while he was holding his gun in his hand. According to some other sources, he was shot dead by his servant accidentally. We can also imagine that after being dismissed from the palace Sâdullah Aga had committed suicide. Depending on these different sources, Sâdullah Aga's death-date is announced as - vm -18 th Sep. 1808 which is a totally a new information given in our thesis. We can say that with the death of Selim IH. and Hadji Sâdullah Aga an important era had come to an end in Turkish political history and art-life. During this period, six different Sadullah's were noticed on the stage of history apart from Hadji Sâdullah Aga. Among these Sadullah's, the poet ` Sâdullah Ankaravî` did not belong to the pal ace. He was an outsider but because he had a lyrics magazine and also was a musician he had been confused with our composer. No writen document showing Ankaravî as a composer exists. Another Sâdullah was the head of the financial department of the vilayet, `Hadji Sâdullah Efendi ` but there aren't any records showing that this Sâdullah was a musici an. The other Sâdullah was the Treasurer, ` Hadji Sâdullah Aga ` but again there were no records showing that this Sâdullah was a musician either. Another Sâdullah was the coffee maker, ` Sâdullah Aga `, this person was not a musician either. The other Sâdullah was the ` Sergeant Sâdullah Aga ` This Sâdullah Aga was the head of the musicians of the palace during the period of Mahmud n. He was confused with Hadji Sâdullah aga, who was the subject of our thesis as there was some recorded information about Sergeant Sâdullah Aga as a composer. Our last Sâdullah was a ` Sermüezzin Sâdullah Efendi `. He was a composer. He - DC -lived a long life from the period of Selim m. till Sultan Abdülmecid ( 1839-1861 ). His death-date was believed to be 1845. During our researches on this person it is found out that he had another name as Ahmed and his brother was the important poet ` Vâsıf Osman `. When we examine the works of all the Sâdullah's, we notice there are three charac teristic styles. When we do analysis considering the old lyric magazines, we happen to notice that most of the works were almost in the same style. Therefore, we come to a resolution that ` Sermüezzin Ahmed ` had composed Sâdullah Efendi's brother's poems. On the other hand, ` Hadji Sâdullah Aga ` who is the subject of our thesis, has more classic compositions with heavy rules, whereas the com positions of Sermüezzin are more fluent and characteristic in manner. t~*f. 5:1-' Sâdullah Aga has more compositions in the old and ` big form of music `. He has also created new makams. These makams ( collection of small tunes ) are called Aşiran- Zemzeme and Kürdî-Tahir. In our thesis, we declare the possibility of some compositi ons which differ greatly in manner from Hadji Sâdullah Aga's and Sermüezzin Ahmet's, as that could also belong to Sergeant Sâdullah Aga. X