Kanun (Tarihçesi-yapımı-mandal sistemi)

Abstract

Bu tez de klasik musikimizin mızraplı sazlarından kanun'un günümüze kadar olan gelişmesinin tarihçesi hakkında edindiğimiz kaynaklar doğrultusunda bir takım bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca kanun'un yapımı ile ilgili detaylı bilgiler verilmiş, yapımında kullanılan ağaçlar incelenmiş ve kullanılan el aletleri resimlerle gösterilmiştir. Diğer enstrümanlara göre çok farklı teknikle yapılan mandal sistemi değişik yapımcıların yöntemleri ile anlatılmıştır. Genel olarak bu çalışma, kanun sazını her yönüyle tanıtabilme amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. VI

SUMMARY In this thesis, it has been given some information about teh development history of the Kanun, one of tha striking instruments, up to day within the scope of the sources having been obtained till our todays. Furthermore, also given are some detailed informations concerning the design and consruction of Kanun; sepecies of wood used for the design and construction of Kanun are investigated and tha concerning tools used for the construction are shown with various pictures. The tuning-peg system having a very different construction technique in comparison with other instruments has been explained with tthe methods of various luthiers. Although its dimensions, shape and number of strings are different in various countries, the main featres of the instrument are always the same. Its long bridge below the strings having been and tha VIIlengths of which shortens from bass to high - pitched sounds sits ona stretched skin at the rectangular side of the trapezoidal prism. The base for the drills are on the other side. AH. The string bundles consisting of three separate strings are made of or 25 rows of lines ( of fishing - rod ). Until the befild us atleast 3.5 octaves, until the beginning of the XX th. century the strings were made of intestines. In our todays the strings are made of nylon fibres. With the metal tuning-pegs just behind the the bottom bridge the lenghs of behind the bottom bridge the lengths of the strings can be increased or decreased, so that the typical sounds of the Turkish music can be obtained. The striking plectrums are put with metal rings on the forefingers of bots hands. Kanun is one of the most important striking instruments of our music. It is a very well known striking instrument used first of all in Turkey and in many Middle East contries and in Greece. In various sources it is alleged that Kanun has an Arabic origin. VIIIBut such sources are attributing the invention of Kanun to Farabi and suppose that Farabi is an Arabic musician. However, since Farabi is an Arabic musician. However, since Farabi is a Turkish musicianalso Kanun must be a Turkish musich instrument. Because Kanun having been used by the Turkish musicians very intensively in the 14th and 15th century had no tuning-pegs at the beginning, it coould not produce ir any case all tha sounds of tha typic Turkish music, so that at the beginning of tha 18th century, kanun has been re - intoduced and reentered by Kanuni Ömer Efendi to Turkish music. For design and construction of Kanun, various materials and technologies are necessary. First of all, the luthiers must investigate the necessary species of wood. To know very well the features of the species of the wood is a very important factor in order to determine at which instruments and at which places of the relevant instruments the related wood can be used. Furthermore the luthiers must also know how tu measure the moisture of the wood and how to dry the related woods for the construction of the instrument. IXThe structure of Kanun is obtained from the model patterns created with the aid of the related design drawings. In order to ensure that the constructed Kanun gains also an esthetic value various motfs and ornaments areworked up on the Kanun. Under the consideration whether the prepared motifs and ornaments can be applied on the instrument, the said motifs and ornaments can also be applied on the wood, on mother - of - pearl, bone, or ivory. In order to ensure that Kanun which is prepared as a vesselyş appears nice and beautiful and is protected against whether conditions, various lac varnishing methods are applied. The varnishing with lac can be appliedon three different ways: 1- Gum - lac varnishing 2- Cellulose varnishing 3- Polyester varnishing The strings of the varnished Kanun are tuned with nylon strings having a length of 0,60 to 1,20 mms. XThe most important part of the instrument are the the metal tuning - pegs. Before assembling such pegs on its places, very sensitive calculations must be made. At the stage of application it is recommended to use electronic devices for sound calibration and adjustment of the instrument. XI