Batıda 19. yüzyıl düşünce tarihinin müziğe ve dolaylı olarak müzisyenlere etkisi

Abstract

ÖZET Toplumsal bir varlık olan insan, düşünen bir varlıktır. Geçmişten gelenlere kendi düşüncelerini ekleyerek, sanat alanında gelişmeler sağlamaya çalışmıştır. insanlık tarihinde kuvvetli olan topluluklar, zayıf olanları ezme çabasında olmuştur. Ortaçağ'ın sonlarında Reform hareketi başlamış, insanlar Kutsal Kitab'a yönelerek dini yönden kuvvetlenmişlerdir. Toplumsal yaşamda her yönden değişiklik yaşanmış ve bundan doğan duygular ve düşünceler `Rönesans`ı getirmiştir. Rönesans ile sanat, büyük bir önem kazanarak insanlığı etkilemiştir. Daha sonra XVIII. yüzyılda eşitlik ve özgürlük kavramını getiren Fransız Devrimi gerçekleşmiştir. Devrim tüm dünyayı etkileyerek, özgürlük savaşımlarına girişilmiştir. Ayrıca sanayi devrimiyle de ticaret alanında ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. XVIII. yüzyılda; aydınlanma çağı yaşanarak düşünce sanata yansıyarak önem¬ li atılımlar gerçekleşmiştir. Bu sayede, XIX. yüzyılın düşünsel ve sanatsal gelişimi sağlanmıştır. Romantizm, yüzyıl boyunca egemen olmuştur. Sanat alanında özellikle müzik dalı, romantizmi yaşatmıştır. Türlü formlar, ses müziği, çalgı müziği alanlarında yenilikler ve gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Orkestral alanda, nefesli çalgılar gelişme göstermiş ve opera dramatik tarza bürünmüştür. Schumann, Schubert, Weber, Chopin, Liszt, Rossini, Berlioz, Wagner, Verdi, Bellini gibi önemli besteciler romantik akımı eserlerinde yansıtmışlardır. Bu yüzyılda, sanatın doğası gereği, romantik akımda müzik ile edebiyat iç içe girmiştir. Müzik yapıtının getirdiği yeniliklerin yanısıra, bestecinin dayandığı düşüncelerin düşünsel ve müziksel açıdan eserlere yansıması, bizi bu dönem hakkında aydınlattığı gerçektir. iii

SUMMARY Subject: The influence of the nineteenth century western phisophy on music and the misicians. The capacity for thinking, as a human phenomenon, has influenced mankind throtıghout history. Moreover, this capacity, taking mankind to the world of realities, helps works of art to be created. At the base of a work of art there are Society and history, and those who reflect the Social and historic developments, intractions, and failures to works of art integrating them with cultural facts have been artists. Primitive people expressed their feelings and thoughts through pictures they drew on the walls of caves. This is how art first appeared on earth. Later on, with the process of urbanization, mankind brought out a new system called `trade` by improving agriculture and handicraft. Feudalism was the outcome of the underdevelopment which enabled the peasantry to be exploited between 9th and 11 th centuries, After the Eleventh century, products abtained from rural areas started to flow in to urban areas. Also, due to economic reasons the Crusades were organized in the same century. Twelveth-Century onwards monarchy became the sole ruling power. The movement of the Reformation appeared as the climax of a new social system and influenced the social life in terms of religion. The Renaissance, which highlighted human thoughts and feelings as a reaction the evils the Reformation gave way, has taken its place in history displaying a view that there were other facts than religion. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries witnessed great changes ali över the world and those who wanted Democracy instead of Monarchy realized the French Revolution in the Eighteenth century. This incident, which influenced the humanity as a whole, made people conscious of their equality and liberty. ivIndustrialization was the result of the important scientific inventions in the 18th century and the technological develogments which those scientific inven¬ tions had started. At the root of the French Revolution lies the abolition of the feudal sys- tem and the takeover of capitalism of the commescial system. in the Age of Industrialization, when production started to take place in factories, commerce göt centralized. While the English Philosophy was the source of the 18th century philosophy, the philosophy of George Berkeley, David Hume and Sydney Smith had been the root of the French Philosophy. The concept of enlightenment flourished mostly among the literary personages within the circle of French intellectuals, and it brought about a new life style ewphasising frredom. The leaders of the Enlightenment were the philosophess like Diderot, Voltaire, J. J. Rausseau. The music in the 18th century is called the Glassîcal Music. During this century, Italy was especially prominant in operas. Later on Germany made considerable addition to music. Among the musicians of the Classical Age Haydn. Motzart, Bach, Haendel, Teleman, Beethoven can becounted. in this age, Gluck, J. G. Bach, C. P. Emmanuel, Bach, Haydn, Mozart who were in the Mannheim School warked-on symphonic structure and put the instrumental music, wich was in a chaos, into order. Among the musical forms of the 18th century, sonatas, symphonies, opera - seria, opera - buffa, opera - comique were widespread and these were also adopted to new works. As for the musicai instruments used in this century: violin, viola, harp.guitar, piano, harpsichord can be counted among the stringed instruments; clarinet, bassoon, oboe, among the woodwind instruments; trumpet, French horn among the brass instruments; and tympani among the percussion instruments were used both as solo and as accompaniment instruments. vPolitically, the 19th century was under the influence of the French Rovolution and the ide of democracy went on spreading on a larger scale. However, wars and treaties prepared unfavourable results for the French in the years ahead. In 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte came to power and Monarchy revived. His aim was to rule over the seas and colonies and make France a Colonial Empire, as a result of which long wars and political unrest had to be undergone. Between the years 1815 and 1830 France was governed with two governments; the King as for the monarchy, but the Republicans supported the Democracy. This strife ended up with the Revolution of 1848 when the period of the and Rebuplic began. In 1851 the 2nd Empire was founded, but in 1870 the 3rd Republic was declared. What followed these was the commune of Paris. The foundation of the German Union, the birth of the U.S.A. and taking of the Modern Russia under control the whole world with its policy are some other important political events in the 19th century. With the scientific improvements in the 19th century, realism began to be looked for in art, so various points of view started to appear in philosophy. In addition to this, men of letters brought about Romanticism and Realism in thiscentury. Who took the first initiative in to Romanticism was Madame de Stael, who reflected Romanticism not only with her works but also with her life. The first important Romantic poems came from Andre Chenier and in poetry a harmonious combination of sounds was adapted, so poetry and music came closer. The first true representative of Romantacism was Lamartine and Musset, Vigny, Hugo, Chateaubriand, Balzac, Stendhal, Flaubert, Zola, Baudelaire, Verlaine and Rimbaud were his followers to improve the Romantic movement. One of the literary movements which influenced Europe in the 19th century was the Russian literature, the pioneers of which were L. Tolstoy and Dostoyevski. Romantacism in music was the result of the improvements which had started in the second half of the 18th century.. Romanticism gained its greatest glory in music and the music went on keeping the Romantic guality in it until the end of the 19th century. In the 19th century musical intsruments were revised. The problems in the brass instruments, which had come from the 17th century, were taken viinto consideration to improve their conditions technically. Some of the woodwind instruments like clarinet, flut, oboe, bassoon were developed. The instrument made of metal and called saxophon was invented by Adolphe Sax in the 19th century. Among the brass instruments trumpet, French horn, cornet, saxhorn, trombone and tuba; among the percussion instruments tympani, snare drum, drum, symbal, tambourine, castanet, glock enspiel, xylophone; among the stringed instruments, violin, viola, harp, guitar and were developed. Again in this century piano, one of the keyboard instru ments, received technical improvements. In the same century, there happened improvements in the musical form, too. Among the musical forms the age brought are waltz, mazurka, polonaise, 6tude, romance, fantaisie, arabesque, nocturne and ballad. Also Wagner developed the balled style in opera songs. New tunes were found and in sym phonies and sonatas Schertzo started to be used instead of Menvet. Piano and Symphonic music in instrumental music received important developments in the romantic style and great works were created which will be remembered throughout history. In the Romantic Age, vocal music flourished in Italy, France and Germany especially in the field of opera. The Italian opera reached the top with Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and Verdi; the French opera with Boildieu, Meyerbeer, Auber, Lesueur, Gounod and Herold; the German opera with Wagner and Weber. At the same time, while the stage music was developing, with the improvements especially in the brass instruments, many developments also took place in the accompanying orchestra. In addition to these, the form of Lied developed in this peroid and songs in this form were composed by Mendelssohn, Schumann and Schubert. The leading composers of the Romantic Age, Beethoven, Schubert, Weber, Spohr, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, Chopin, Wagner, Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi, Panchielli, Masseneti, Bizet, Saint-saens, Berlioz, Meyerbeer, Frank, Faure, Debussy, Glinka, Dargomiyski, Balakirev, Rimski-Korsakof, Musorgski, Borodin, Chaykovski, Brahms, Mahler and Strauss all composed long lasting songs. vnFor the Romantic musicians the most important point was the blend of the emotional tides in a composition getting intensified into and progressing in a single process towards the climax, which consists of the Solution and the conflict. The artists of the period, taking emotions seriously, dramatized them. The expression of feelings brought about new forms of music. Moreover, in this age, classical music started to be listened by the middle class. Consequently, because the common people (populace) had to be taken in to considelation in musical compositions, immortal works started to be created. In the Romantic Age, music was thought to be not only a style of composition, but also the product of intensive thoughts and due to which, art and thought being connected, magnificient pieces were composed is undeniable. vm