Türk uluslararası nakliye sektörünün uluslararası rekabet gücü

Abstract

ÖZET Uluslararası nakliye sektörü.dış ticarette önemli bir kalem oluşturan navlun gelirleri nedeniyle,dış ticaretini geliştirme çabası içerisinde olan ülkelerin vazgeçemeyecekleri bir sektördür. Uluslararası nakliye sektöründe dört tip taşımacılık ana başlıktan oluşturmaktadır.Bu taşımacılık tipleri;karayolu taşımacılığı.denizyolu taşımacılığı, demiryolu taşımacılığı ve hava yolu taşımacılığıdır.Bu taşımacılık tiplerinin yanısıra boru hattı taşımacılığını da göz ardı etmemek gerekmektedir.Dış ticaret taşımalarının büyük bir kısmı denizyolu vasıtasıyla yapılmaktadır. Bu dört taşımacılık tipinin de kendine göre avantajları ve dezavantajları bulunmaktadır.Denizyolu ucuz fakat yavaştır.Karayolu daha hızlıdır ve adrese direkt teslimi sağlar ve daha pahalıdır.Havayolu en hızlı olanıdır.ancak elleçleme yapılması gereğini ortadan kaldırmaz ve en pahalılarıdır.Değeri yüksek malların taşınmasında kullanılmaktadır.Demiryolu ise ekonomiktir ve iyi bir demiryolu hattı mevcutsa ve yenilenmişse.yüksek hızlara ulaşabilmektedir. Dünyada gelişmekte olan taşımacılık biçimi ise kombine taşımacılıktır.Kombine taşımacılık,aynı yükleme senedi ile birden çok taşımacılık biçiminin bir arada kullanılması vasıtasıyla yapılan taşımacılık biçimidir.Kombine taşımacılıkta en çok kullanılan öğe konteynerdir. Konteyner vasıtasıyla yapılan taşımacılık.dünya taşımacılığında bir standardizasyonu sağlam iş, konteynerin hem gemiye hem tına ve hem de trene yüklenebilmesi (x)özellikleriyle,ekonomiye katkı sağlayan bir unsur olması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Dünyada konteyner taşımacılığına yöneliş artarken.Türkiye'nin de bu gelişimin dışında kalması beklenemezdi.Türkiye'den bir girişim olmasa idi dahi,dünya ekonomisinin gerçekleri ışığında konteyner bir yolunu bulup pazarımıza girecekti ve nitekim öyle oldu. Irak, Suriye taşımaları, ardından İran'a olan taşımalar ¥e en son olarak Türk dış ticaretinin de gelişmesiyle konteyner taşımacılığı Türkiye'de de yapılır oldu ve geçtiğimiz sene bir konteyner gemisi de Türk deniz filosuna dahil oldu. Türkiye'de şu anda karayolu taşımacılığında % 70'lere varan oranda taşımaları, Türk nakliyecileri gerçekleştirmekteyken,denizyolunda % 5Ö'ye varan oranlara sahip bulunmaktayız. Konteyner taşımacılığında aldığımız pay ise göz ardı edilebilecek kadar düşüktür.Türk nakliyecisine düşen görev, karayolu ve denizyolunda varolan rekabet gücünü korumak ve konteyner pazarında güçlenmektir.Devletin bu tip girişimlere destek vermesi halinde Türkiye'de ulaştırma sisteminde karayolundan yana olan ağırlık da hafifletilebilir. (»)

SUMMARY The International Competition Power of Turkish International Transportation Sector Türkiye is having a powerful! transportation seetor,beginning from the year of 1982.Âİ that year, the government began supporting this sector.as its policy was to have a strong transportation sector in order to carry the goods of foreign trade and connecting with the Worid.There was an increase in our foreign trade and Türkiye became a country,using the goods having quality and learned what quality is.This caused our industrialists using the quality terms and having strong connections with their European partners. By the way.Turkiye was having the ability of exporting industrialized goods and importing some goods for more investments.So.we shouldn't go on paying more and more for the freight costs of this foreign trade. We began forming a huge trailer park and at last Türkiye had the biggest trailer park in the Europe. But the trailers were old because the importer firms was having the right of buying the old trailers of European countries.So that Türkiye had the biggest but also the oldest trailer park.This caused more cost for repair and pollution also.ln the recent years, European Community decided to cause some difficulties for such trailers.Now, the companies dealing with transportation in Türkiye are ( xii )making investments in renewing their trailer park.The strong companies have this power and the others are waiting for the help of the Government. We are now having a custom unique with the European Community and we hope to increase our exports and imports between those eountries.Who will carry these goods ?This is the question.And the answer must be our companies.Because in all around the woridjt's known that the countries having the ability of carrying goods gain prestige and the power.This is a service sector and you can gain by the help of your human power.Freight is having a rate in the cost of the goods,that we can not be regardless about it. We have strong trailer park and can be in competition with the other companies in the worid.We are now carrying 70 percent of our exports and 60 percent of our imports done by the trailers. In 1982,our maritime business sector was also supported by the Government,as our prime minister was coming from that sector.Coming to the year 1989,this support became smaller and smaller.but after that year some decisions had been taken in order to make this sector more powerful! and in 1994 we could have the ability of carrying 50 percent of our foreign trade goods,by using ships. ( xiii )In the world.nowadays some other terms are used.These are containerization, and muSti-modal transportation. In this kind of transportation more than one type of transportation sector is used. By the help of containers,you can use the train/the trailer and the ship.This causes a decrease in the costs of freight and helps to increase the economic power of the worid.Because you can have the ability of carrying the goods from door-to-door and use the cheapest way you can strenghen all transportation sectors and many people can have the advantage of working capability.By the help of this kind of organization the sources are used economically and this effects the World's economy also. The disadvantage of Türkiye in this kind of transportation is the weakness of our railway sector.ln the future.if we can invest more in this sector,we can be able to carry our and the other countries goods in a cheapest way.This will also decrease our investments on the roads because the damage on the roads done by the trailers loaded breaking the tonnage limit will be decreased and the accidents on our ways will be !owered.As a country not having many sources,we will be having the ability of using the sources economically. The containerization can be in competition with the road transportation with its advantage of carrying door-to-door.This is the advantage of road transportation that no other transportation systems other than containerization or multi-moda! transportation can (xiv)have. Because in the other transportation systems there are always a need of other carrying vehicles such as a carrying by a vehicle from the port to the address in marine transportation and carrying from the station to the address in railway transportation.In containerization or multi-modal transportation, only one shipment document but more than one kind of transportation sector is used.This is economic and having the same door-to-door carrying ability of road transportation but is slower than the road transportion if there are not a strong co-ordination bettween the transportation sectors used in multi-modal transportation. All kinds of transportation sectors must have similar powers and must be strenghened by the countries. The countries such as Panama, Germany and Liberia are powerful! by their container fleets and mostly the container traffic is intensive in Far-East ports such as Hong-Kong and Singapore.Some other ports such as Kaohsiung in Taiwan.Busan in South Korea.Kobe in Japan and Los Angeles in U.S.A. are coming behind of these ports. It's seen that the containerization traffic is intensive m the Pacific ports in which the rate of the world trade is increasing.Türkiye is having a small container fleet with only one ship and has the 0,0316 percent of the world container fleet. Multi-modal transportation gives the following advantages: - Contributes the development of environmental structure. - Develops the cities by the terminals built in the outside of the cities. - Causes the rational us© of @>n@rgy sources. (xv)- Lowers the traffic on the roads caused by the vehicles shipped with high tonnages. - Uses the railway transportation and by the help of intensive use of railway.the need of the support of the government to the railway decreases. In the European countries the transportation sectors have an equilibrium and have similar carrying rates in transportation. There had been an intensive investment in those countries on railways and the sources can be used economically by this way. But in Turkiye.after the year of 1950,there had been intensive investments on road transportation but very small investments on railway transportation. This increased the traffic on the roads and Türkiye choosed the road transportation for its future. This increased the carrying costs and the traffic accidents in Türkiye. Türkiye has the advantage of using multi-modal transportation by its special feature of its geography.A strong railway system and a railway line between the South of Türkiye to the North of Türkiye will be giving the advantage of carrying containers of our and other countries to the Russia or the countries in the Middle-Asia.A strong container fleet will also have the ability of getting a rate from the World trade. (xvi)I In Türkiye, mostly textile goods are exported and in the near future road transportation should be used because of its speed. Because of the industrial conditions of Türkiye and delays in production causes the need of quicker joumeys.But in the future with the development in our production and in the multi-modal transportation, road transportation will be loosing its competition power with the multi-modal transportation. Then, as a country of aiming an increase in its foreign trade, Türkiye should be investing in its railway and marine transportation and strenghening its containeriiation and multi-modal transportation. (xvii)