Yıldız Sarayı`nın 21. yy.`a hazırlanması ve çağdaş müzecilik açısından değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Yıldız Sarayı bugün altmışdan fazla mimari yapısıyla, İstanbul içinde büyük bir saray kompleksi olarak, tarihin yaşadığı, öğrenildiği, Kültür ve Sanat Merkezi durumundadır. Bu çalışma, Yıldız Sarayı'nı çağdaş müzecilik açısından yeniden değerlendirilmesi amacı ile oluşturulmuştur. Saray kompleksi içinde oluşan farklı mimari birimler zaman içinde toplumsal yapıdan kaynaklanan değişimlerden etkilenmiştir. Sarayın; dünden bugüne geçirmiş olduğu değişimler belirlenerek, 21. yy' da müzecilik alanındaki değişimleri olumlu yönde karşılayabilmesi ve değişimlere kolayca adapte olabilmesi için yurt dışı müzelerdende örnekler verilerek öneriler getirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde; saray müzeleri kavramı tanımlanmakta ve müze çeşitleri müzelerin gelişiminden örnekler verilmektedir. İkinci bölümde Yıldız Sarayı' nın tarihsel gelişimi, yapısal özellikleri ve Yıldız Sarayı'nda bulunan müzeler incelenmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise, Yıldız Sarayı'nın 21.yy hazırlanmasında müze ve kültür kompleksi olarak yeniden değerlen dirilmesi konusu, müze olarak değerlendirmenin faydaları, konumsal özellikler, toplumsal ve kültürel ihtiyaçlar, planlama fonksiyonu, alanların yeniden değerlendirilmesi, sergileme, koleksiyon, tanıtım, halkla ilişkiler, işletme politikaları gibi farklı alanlar ele alınıp, değerlendirilmektedir. Tezin sonunda sonuçlar ve öneriler, kaynaklar ve ekler bölümü verilmekte dir. ` Yıldız Sarayı' nın eskiden olduğu gibi, bütününün saray müze olarak ele alınması, geçmişte sahip olduğu değerlerin tarihsel gelişimini tam olarak yansıtacaktır ` görüşü sonuçta vurgulanmaktadır. IX

This study named making Yıldız Palace Ready for 21st Century and Its Evaluation Regarding Modern Museology has been prepared in order to handle Yıldız Palace from different point of views and make these sites gain the nature of being a modern museum and cultural complex. Yıldız Palace is an Ottoman building of the last period with the buildings and areas it has. Yıldız Palace at the same time is a compactness of buildings in which new techniques of constitutional area in the architectural building that indicates the transformation period from Ottoman to the Western Culture and administrators live. First of all, Yıldız Palace takes place in Istanbul between Beşiktaş and Ortaköy Towns. Malta and Çadır Villas having a connection also in this area can be appreciated today within the compactness of buildings of Yıldız Palace. These two buildings were constructed at the period of Abdülaziz. They were the summer house and special living sites of the sultan. The area of the palace which was developed and modified in time was enlarged at the period of II. Abdülhamid and caused new buildings increase in number. In this palace, at the period of II. Abdülhamid, there were buildings related with the private life of the sultan such a villas, theater, museum, zoo, harem, library as well as the administrative buildings related with the governmental deeds such as Big Chamberlain. II. Abdülhamid is a very important personality at the history of Yıldız Palace with his function of sultanship of 33 years. He managed the palace with regulations at the period after Constitution. The palace used for various purposes after the announcement of Republic. Most of its parts was used by War Academy between 1941-1946. After 1978, Ministry of Culture handle the management of some buildings. With the efforts suffered by theMinistry of Culture, some studies were made started to convert the palace into museum. Yıldız Palace is constituted by two main sections from the constitutional point of view. The Big Chamberlain and Harem, in other words the working and living sites of the sultan. The Harem section is separated into administrative sections with a big and magnificent door. The palace gains importance once more from historical point of view as the harem buildings and harem tradition lasted in this palace. The door of the harem opens to the second and third courtyards. In this section, Small Chamberlain, Valide Sultan Villa, theater, villa and etc. take place. At the front of these buildings the special garden of the Sultan and Yıldız Park lay down. The aim of the thesis is to enlighten the subject that what will be the similarities of the Yıldız Palace with its example in Europe in case that it is appreciated as a museum and how much of the modern museology feasibilities can be realized in the conditions of Turkey. It is necessary to make old buildings gain new functions from museological point of view but it is an area full of problems. About the subject of protecting historical building as a museum we have to think from a very wide perpective from general subjects such as how this will be protected especially in the case that this building is a palace to who will protect and how the restoration process will be carried out. We have to work in a museum on restoration, public relations, marketing and promotional subjects in historical meaning. This will only be possible by constituting a wide and professional study group. In fact, all the improvement studies have been carried out for public. The study has been prepared in order to enlighten the usage of new museological modifications in the palace museum.This study named Making Yıldız Palace Ready for 21st Century and Its Evaluation Regarding Modern Museology is constituted by three parts. At the first part, terms of museum and palace are explained. Terminologically the place of palace museums in the varieties of museums is examined. The samples from the developments taken place in the palace museums at home and abroad is given. Versailles, Louvre, Hampton Court, Hatfield, Blenheim, Buckingham and Kremlin Palace are examined as a sample for the palace museums at abroad. Besides Yıldız Palace Museum, especially Ibrahim Paşa, Dolmabahçe, Beylerbeyi and Topkapı Palace Museums which are among the Istanbul palace museums are examined as a sample for palace museums at home. At the second part, the historical development and structural specifications of the Yıldız Palace is defined. The historical development of the Yıldız Palace is examined in two separate parts as being the Period Before Announcement of Republic and the Period After Announcement of Republic. The development of the palace is tried to be given under three titles in the Period Before Announcement of Republic such as the period before the sultanship of II. Abdülhamid, the period of II. Abdülhamid and the period from the end of the sultanship of II. Abdülhamid to the Announcement of Republic. The development of Yıldız Palace in the Period After Announcement of Republic is examined under two titles as the periods between 1923-1978 and 1978-1997. The classification of the buildings of Yıldız Palace is made in accordance with their recent administrative specifications. In this classification they are mentioned as the buildings managed by Ministry of Culture, TBMM,YTÜ, Great Province Municipality and various institutions and establishments.In the second part, the buildings of Yıldız Palace are discriminated in accordance with their structural specifications as administrative, living, religious buildings and gardens. II. Abdülhamit's leaving Dolmabahçe Palace and settling to Yıldız Palace, the reasons for his preferring especially this site, the prefabric structural specifications' being firstly used in the buildings within the area of this palace put forward the importance of Yıldız Palace regarding historical development. As well as the buildings of the palace, its surrounding especially its inner and outer gardens carry a separate importance as being living sites. The gardens which are managed and operated by different units also today have an important role in the cultural complex. The specifications of the interior and exterior walls and the doors of the palace as being building elements of the Yıldız Palace are also given in this part. Yıldız Palace Museum, Turkish Stage Arts Museum, City Museum, Yıldız Sale Villa, Yıldız Porcelain Museum which take place within the Yıldız Palace complex are separately mentioned. In this study, the idea that Yıldız Palace complex's being a great museum which accommodate a compactness of museums constituted by various museums is discussed. A different administrative structure is put forward as the buildings that take place within the palace complex are being handled by different administrative units such as Ministry of Culture. Great Province Municipality, Islamic History, Art and Culture Research Centre. Yıldız Palace Founder and Yıldız Technical University. The palace has been restored, protected and managed by these different units. This different administrative structuralism create different formations, modifications in the buildings of Yıldız Palace within the historical development. When we look from the modern museology point of view, in case that Yıldız Palace comes upon as a museum and cultural complex, the planning elements are to be determined for its refunctionalizing. In the planning studies preeminently the appropriation of the building to the objective,interpretation of the collections, neutrality of the management of the museum and the importance of the restoration studies are determined. The examples from restoration studies that carried out on Yıldız Palace up to now are given. In the third part, in order to make suggestions related with the reappropriation of Yıldız Palace as a museum and cultural complex, the history, past and today of the Palace is researched and necessary modifications are tried to be determined for its future development and needs. New functions are given to the sites of the palace and some buildings are researched by reviewing. Various buildings took place within the complex of the palace are converted into usage for museum with the functions resuggested. It is aimed to have the palace developed in a compactness of museums that is constituted by Ottoman palace museum, history, theater, Turkish music, frame, Textile, Jewelry, Armory, porcelain, natural history museums. Besides, in order to make the palace give service also as an educational and cultural complex, it is suggested to establish new central units such as restoration, project consultancy, research and development centers as well as technical and social service areas. The exhibition techniques in Yıldız Palace are handled again regarding presentation and is tried to be supported by the suggestions made by the samples taken from the techniques used in the museums of various countries at abroad. It is tried to determine the collections of Yıldız Palace and the importance of the appropriation of the collections' development in constituting a museum is indicated.The importance put forward by the museums; as well as their architectural structure and the specifications of the collections they owned, the importance of their reaching to public with the presentation techniques they will develop is defined. For this purpose, the importance of the promotional activities carried at home and abroad in order to define itself to public is accentuated. To promote Yıldız Palace better a brochure of Yıldız Palace and a Web Page at Internet are prepared. It is aimed to direct the target group by issuing a visitor questionnaire constituted of ten questions starting from the importance of the attitudes of the visitors regarding public relations. The economical, social, political, socio and cultural benefits to be provided with the functionalizing of the Yıldız Palace as a museum in getting the palace ready to 21st century are determined. For this purpose, the importance of the palace's locational specifications regarding social and cultural needs is put forward. The necessity and importance of the operating policies to be formed in getting the Yıldız Palace ready to 21 st century as a museum and cultural complex is indicated. Yıldız Palace has a special place in the life of Istanbul even today as it had in the past and will also have in future. It will provide its continuity by working in full capacity with the collections it has and the exhibition areas, opening to public and be on its feet at the following centuries in order to correspond the importance of the palace history to the next generations in every period.