Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesi minareleri

Abstract

578 Square minarets are general in Umayyad, Artukid and early Ayyubid periods in this area. This type of minaret built in Harran firstly but appears mostly in Diyarbakır and Mardin areas. Akkoyunlus by the Diyarbakır Kasım Padişah minaret, they made some new additions to square body minaret type. Silvan Ebu Muzafferüddin minaret is the most monumental example of this type. By the Great Saljukid period, cylndirical minarets were built and it was the most favourite minaret type of later periods. It is diverse according to the areas and periods, the form of parts, size and techniques. The perfect examples are in Diyarbakır at Ottoman Period. The polygonal minarets, an example of each can be found in Memluklu and Akkoyunlu periods, gained more angles during the Ottoman period particularly in Gaziantep region. These are the second most-built types after cylindrical minarets. Although the multi-formed minarets, first seen during Memluklu period and also built in the Ottoman period, are small in number, they are striking by their multi-formed shafts. The existence of four examples of the spiral minarets, first seen during the Ottoman period, contributes to the typology of Turkish minarets. Kiosk minarets, with their symbolic meanings, strengthened their places in the region despite their small number in the late Ottoman period. Minarets with closed balconies were first built in Gaziantep and Birecik under the Syrian influence during Ottoman and Memluklu periods. The minarets of the region, suitable to the Turkish architecture, are formed with sections such as base, footing, shaft, balcony, ribbed helmet, spite-finial and internal design. However, square-shaft and kiosk type minarets vary according to their forms. Bases have square plans except for three examples. The existence of rarely seen baldaken base is important. In the minarets of the region, three types of rich footing are used. Spherical triangle and flat triangle footings are preferred more often. The minarets built in the South-East continue the Turkish architecture tradition except for the square shaft ones. However, they also carry some Syrian and Egyptian influence in terms of the ornaments on their body. In terms of the system under balconies, the stalactite pattern, height and saliented of balcony, a periodical development is observed. The underneath of balcony, in accordance with the regional and periodical characteristics, is constructed in four different forms, usually with stalactite, moulded, consolidated and multi-formed. The stalactite forms and systems vary according the periods and regions. In the Ottoman period, the stalactite systems under balconies in Diyarbakır, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa are striking with their significant applications. The double balconies in the region are only seen in Şanlıurfa Arabi Mosque minaret. Cylindrical, polygonal and baldaken honeycombs are used. The most frequently applied cylindrical honeycombs have been observed since the early ages. The rich579 honeycomb types were used in the Ottoman period. Regionally, Gaziantep with its honeycomb variety and Diyarbakır with its Ottoman classical form are pioneers. In the minarets of the region cone and dome are used as cover. In the minarets of Memluklu and Eyyubi periods, the dome was preferred whereas in the minarets of Dulkadirli and Akkoyunlu conic or pyramidal cones are preferred. During the Ottoman period, rich variety of cone types is observed. The internal design in the minarets of South-East Anatolia exhibit differences in terms of their planning and stairway systems. Two different types of internal design are used in square shafted minarets. In these minarets, the Ottoman style internal plan was turned into circular plan. Besides, the section under the balcony was no more used. The internal plans of the other minarets are usually circular beginning from the base. Stairs -spiral, four sided flights and two sided middle flights - were constructed in three types. Although in square shafted minarets, this three-stair system was also used, in other minaret groups, spiral staircase system was used. Another important staircase system in the region is the use of double staircase in the minarets of Hasankeyf Er-Rızk, Diyarbakır Melek Ahmet Pasha and Kozluk Ibrahim Bey Mosque. The minarets were built in stone in accordance with the Southeastern construction tradition. Only in Siirt Ulu Mosque from the Great Seljuk period, bricks and glazed bricks were used, and in Siverek Hasan Çelebi Mosque from the Ottoman period, stone and bricks were the major construction materials. Due to the stone mines in the environmental region, limestone and basalt became the main materials of construction. Intense ornamentation is observed in the minarets of Hasankeyf, Mardin, Diyarbakır, Siirt and Şanlıurfa. Ornamentations were applied on stone according to the material used. In the minarets of Gaziantep, the ornamentation under the balconies was intensified under the balconies. In geometrical and herbal composition, kufi, makili and sülüs calligraphies are fore fronted. In the regions where first minarets were built in Anatolia, the minarets exhibited periodical characteristics before the Ottoman period, and during Ottoman period, they showed regional characteristics due to the implications of regional and environmental interactions. This brings about a richness and variety together with periodical and local characteristics for the minarets of the region.578 Square minarets are general in Umayyad, Artukid and early Ayyubid periods in this area. This type of minaret built in Harran firstly but appears mostly in Diyarbakır and Mardin areas. Akkoyunlus by the Diyarbakır Kasım Padişah minaret, they made some new additions to square body minaret type. Silvan Ebu Muzafferüddin minaret is the most monumental example of this type. By the Great Saljukid period, cylndirical minarets were built and it was the most favourite minaret type of later periods. It is diverse according to the areas and periods, the form of parts, size and techniques. The perfect examples are in Diyarbakır at Ottoman Period. The polygonal minarets, an example of each can be found in Memluklu and Akkoyunlu periods, gained more angles during the Ottoman period particularly in Gaziantep region. These are the second most-built types after cylindrical minarets. Although the multi-formed minarets, first seen during Memluklu period and also built in the Ottoman period, are small in number, they are striking by their multi-formed shafts. The existence of four examples of the spiral minarets, first seen during the Ottoman period, contributes to the typology of Turkish minarets. Kiosk minarets, with their symbolic meanings, strengthened their places in the region despite their small number in the late Ottoman period. Minarets with closed balconies were first built in Gaziantep and Birecik under the Syrian influence during Ottoman and Memluklu periods. The minarets of the region, suitable to the Turkish architecture, are formed with sections such as base, footing, shaft, balcony, ribbed helmet, spite-finial and internal design. However, square-shaft and kiosk type minarets vary according to their forms. Bases have square plans except for three examples. The existence of rarely seen baldaken base is important. In the minarets of the region, three types of rich footing are used. Spherical triangle and flat triangle footings are preferred more often. The minarets built in the South-East continue the Turkish architecture tradition except for the square shaft ones. However, they also carry some Syrian and Egyptian influence in terms of the ornaments on their body. In terms of the system under balconies, the stalactite pattern, height and saliented of balcony, a periodical development is observed. The underneath of balcony, in accordance with the regional and periodical characteristics, is constructed in four different forms, usually with stalactite, moulded, consolidated and multi-formed. The stalactite forms and systems vary according the periods and regions. In the Ottoman period, the stalactite systems under balconies in Diyarbakır, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa are striking with their significant applications. The double balconies in the region are only seen in Şanlıurfa Arabi Mosque minaret. Cylindrical, polygonal and baldaken honeycombs are used. The most frequently applied cylindrical honeycombs have been observed since the early ages. The rich

579 honeycomb types were used in the Ottoman period. Regionally, Gaziantep with its honeycomb variety and Diyarbakır with its Ottoman classical form are pioneers. In the minarets of the region cone and dome are used as cover. In the minarets of Memluklu and Eyyubi periods, the dome was preferred whereas in the minarets of Dulkadirli and Akkoyunlu conic or pyramidal cones are preferred. During the Ottoman period, rich variety of cone types is observed. The internal design in the minarets of South-East Anatolia exhibit differences in terms of their planning and stairway systems. Two different types of internal design are used in square shafted minarets. In these minarets, the Ottoman style internal plan was turned into circular plan. Besides, the section under the balcony was no more used. The internal plans of the other minarets are usually circular beginning from the base. Stairs -spiral, four sided flights and two sided middle flights - were constructed in three types. Although in square shafted minarets, this three-stair system was also used, in other minaret groups, spiral staircase system was used. Another important staircase system in the region is the use of double staircase in the minarets of Hasankeyf Er-Rızk, Diyarbakır Melek Ahmet Pasha and Kozluk Ibrahim Bey Mosque. The minarets were built in stone in accordance with the Southeastern construction tradition. Only in Siirt Ulu Mosque from the Great Seljuk period, bricks and glazed bricks were used, and in Siverek Hasan Çelebi Mosque from the Ottoman period, stone and bricks were the major construction materials. Due to the stone mines in the environmental region, limestone and basalt became the main materials of construction. Intense ornamentation is observed in the minarets of Hasankeyf, Mardin, Diyarbakır, Siirt and Şanlıurfa. Ornamentations were applied on stone according to the material used. In the minarets of Gaziantep, the ornamentation under the balconies was intensified under the balconies. In geometrical and herbal composition, kufi, makili and sülüs calligraphies are fore fronted. In the regions where first minarets were built in Anatolia, the minarets exhibited periodical characteristics before the Ottoman period, and during Ottoman period, they showed regional characteristics due to the implications of regional and environmental interactions. This brings about a richness and variety together with periodical and local characteristics for the minarets of the region.578 Square minarets are general in Umayyad, Artukid and early Ayyubid periods in this area. This type of minaret built in Harran firstly but appears mostly in Diyarbakır and Mardin areas. Akkoyunlus by the Diyarbakır Kasım Padişah minaret, they made some new additions to square body minaret type. Silvan Ebu Muzafferüddin minaret is the most monumental example of this type. By the Great Saljukid period, cylndirical minarets were built and it was the most favourite minaret type of later periods. It is diverse according to the areas and periods, the form of parts, size and techniques. The perfect examples are in Diyarbakır at Ottoman Period. The polygonal minarets, an example of each can be found in Memluklu and Akkoyunlu periods, gained more angles during the Ottoman period particularly in Gaziantep region. These are the second most-built types after cylindrical minarets. Although the multi-formed minarets, first seen during Memluklu period and also built in the Ottoman period, are small in number, they are striking by their multi-formed shafts. The existence of four examples of the spiral minarets, first seen during the Ottoman period, contributes to the typology of Turkish minarets. Kiosk minarets, with their symbolic meanings, strengthened their places in the region despite their small number in the late Ottoman period. Minarets with closed balconies were first built in Gaziantep and Birecik under the Syrian influence during Ottoman and Memluklu periods. The minarets of the region, suitable to the Turkish architecture, are formed with sections such as base, footing, shaft, balcony, ribbed helmet, spite-finial and internal design. However, square-shaft and kiosk type minarets vary according to their forms. Bases have square plans except for three examples. The existence of rarely seen baldaken base is important. In the minarets of the region, three types of rich footing are used. Spherical triangle and flat triangle footings are preferred more often. The minarets built in the South-East continue the Turkish architecture tradition except for the square shaft ones. However, they also carry some Syrian and Egyptian influence in terms of the ornaments on their body. In terms of the system under balconies, the stalactite pattern, height and saliented of balcony, a periodical development is observed. The underneath of balcony, in accordance with the regional and periodical characteristics, is constructed in four different forms, usually with stalactite, moulded, consolidated and multi-formed. The stalactite forms and systems vary according the periods and regions. In the Ottoman period, the stalactite systems under balconies in Diyarbakır, Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa are striking with their significant applications. The double balconies in the region are only seen in Şanlıurfa Arabi Mosque minaret. Cylindrical, polygonal and baldaken honeycombs are used. The most frequently applied cylindrical honeycombs have been observed since the early ages. The rich579 honeycomb types were used in the Ottoman period. Regionally, Gaziantep with its honeycomb variety and Diyarbakır with its Ottoman classical form are pioneers. In the minarets of the region cone and dome are used as cover. In the minarets of Memluklu and Eyyubi periods, the dome was preferred whereas in the minarets of Dulkadirli and Akkoyunlu conic or pyramidal cones are preferred. During the Ottoman period, rich variety of cone types is observed. The internal design in the minarets of South-East Anatolia exhibit differences in terms of their planning and stairway systems. Two different types of internal design are used in square shafted minarets. In these minarets, the Ottoman style internal plan was turned into circular plan. Besides, the section under the balcony was no more used. The internal plans of the other minarets are usually circular beginning from the base. Stairs -spiral, four sided flights and two sided middle flights - were constructed in three types. Although in square shafted minarets, this three-stair system was also used, in other minaret groups, spiral staircase system was used. Another important staircase system in the region is the use of double staircase in the minarets of Hasankeyf Er-Rızk, Diyarbakır Melek Ahmet Pasha and Kozluk Ibrahim Bey Mosque. The minarets were built in stone in accordance with the Southeastern construction tradition. Only in Siirt Ulu Mosque from the Great Seljuk period, bricks and glazed bricks were used, and in Siverek Hasan Çelebi Mosque from the Ottoman period, stone and bricks were the major construction materials. Due to the stone mines in the environmental region, limestone and basalt became the main materials of construction. Intense ornamentation is observed in the minarets of Hasankeyf, Mardin, Diyarbakır, Siirt and Şanlıurfa. Ornamentations were applied on stone according to the material used. In the minarets of Gaziantep, the ornamentation under the balconies was intensified under the balconies. In geometrical and herbal composition, kufi, makili and sülüs calligraphies are fore fronted. In the regions where first minarets were built in Anatolia, the minarets exhibited periodical characteristics before the Ottoman period, and during Ottoman period, they showed regional characteristics due to the implications of regional and environmental interactions. This brings about a richness and variety together with periodical and local characteristics for the minarets of the region.