Merkez iş alanı ve imalat sanayii ilişkileri

Abstract

ÖZET Merkez İş Alanı, şehirlerin sosyo ekonomik özelikleri nin ve hayatiyetinin temsil edildiği yer olarak farklı şe hirsel fonksiyonların yer aldığı bir aktivite merkezidir. Merkez İş Alanı, ticaret, hizmet, konut, sanayi gibi fonk siyonları bakımından ele alındığında üzerinde en çok tartı şılan konu imalat sanayi olmaktadır. Çok defa planlama çalışmalarında imalat sanayinin Merkez İş Alanı ;dışına çıka - rılması önerilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Bu uygulanmanın gerçek - leştiği gelişmiş ülke şehirlerinde Merkez İş Alanında ima lat sanayinin çekilmesinden doğan sosyal ve ekonomik prob lemlerle karşılaşılmış, çözüm olarak imalat sanayinin Mer kez îş Alanında kalmasını teşvik edici tedbirler alınması önerilmiştir. Şehirlerin tarihi kadar eski olan merkezdeki imalat sanayi faaliyetlerinin tümünün desantralize olması çeşitli zorlamalar getirmektedir. Bu durumda planlama ka rarları başarıyla uygulanamamakta veya şehrin hayati fonk - siyonları sekteye- uğrayabilmektedir. Bu bakımdan Merkez İş Alanı İçinde yer alabilecek imalat sanayinin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi şehircilik yönünden güncel ve önemli olmaktadır. Bu tezin amacı metropoliten şehirlerde Merkez İş Alan' ında yer alabilecek imalat sanayi karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesidir. Beş bölümden oluşan çalışmanın birinci bö lümü konunun genel hatlarıyla tanıtıldığı giriş bölümüdür, ikinci bölümde şehir merkezleri konusu incelenmiş, şehir merkezinin tarihsel gelişimi, şehir merkezi ve Merkez İş Alanı kavramları ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, imalat sanayi ve imalat sanayinin şehirsel mekanda dağılımı türleri ne göre incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde şehirsel büyüme modelle rinde imalat sanayi konusundaki yaklaşımlar ve imalat sana yinin şehiriçi yerseçimine ilişkin yapılmış olan deneysel çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. İstanbul Merkez İş Alanında yapılan özgün araştırma ve sonuçlarını içeren dördüncü bölümde, İstanbul Metropoli ten Alanı içinde ilçe belediye sınırları esas olmak üzere 'imalat sanayinin dağılımı türlerine göre incelenmiştir. İmalat sanayi tesislerinin ve büro faaliyetlerinin dağılı mı ayrı bürosu olan ve olmayan firmalara göre tablolar halinde ifade edilmiştir. Bu bölümde daha sonra İstanbul Merkez İş Alanındaki Beyoğlu ve Eminönü bölgelerinde yer alan imalat sanayi tesisleri ile yapılan anket sonuçları - nm değerlendirmeleri yer almaktadır. Beşinci bölüm olan sonuç bölümünde ikinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümlerde v erilen bilgilere dayanarak Merkez îş Alanındaki imalat sa nayinin özellikleri ifade edilmiştir. Bu özelliklerden planlama çalışmalarında Merkez İş Alanda yer alabilecek imalat sanayinin belirlenmesi konusunda yararlanılabilir. v

SUMMARY THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY In the first settlements, the market place where the surplus product is exchanged is generally accepted as the origin of city center. During the evolution of cities, this center has become the Central Business District where administration and control activities are located. Manufacturing has to do with the conversion of raw materials through inputs of capital, labor and energy into higher value products to meet anticipated demands. Industry can be considered as any productive effort by human beings one of which is manufacturing industry. The strongest effect of manufacturing industry activities are on cities. Industrialization, in this century, has started a rapid development and change by affecting functional and structural appearance of the city, Industry has the characteristic city- forming impulse, in terms of its effects on settlements while they acquire urban functions such as the increase in population, and adventing division of labor and specialization. Manufacturing industry, similar to services and extracting industry, is one of the main factors for the existance of a lot of cities. The establishments which process local raw materials have been the nuclei which create urban areas. As cities increase in population and sprawl, industrial establishments also grow- accordingly. Manufacturing industry, which play an important role in the development and spatial pattern of cities like the other functions, has a tendency to locate in specific areas of the city. However, manufacturing industries display a more complex pattern besides other urban activities, since they inlcude a large variety of products and for each type of industry different linkages of location factors exist. Although factors such as VIaccessibility, historical development of the city so far and the external economies resulting from aggregating, change according to the type of manufacturing industry, they stxll have been influential in.the location decisions within the city. The distribution of manufacturing industry has long been an area researchers worked on. However, the approaches have mainly been at the regional level and conceptual foundations about intra-urban location have not been clearly put forward. In addition, not only manufacturing industry has been considered as a passive element in urban land use models, but also difficulties have occurred in explaining the different results obtained at empirical studies on the intra-urban location of manufacturing industry. The Central Business District has traditionally symbolized the socioeconomic vitality and strength of the city. The singular advantage of the Central Business District has been its centrality as explained in different urban land use models. The convergence of transportation lines in the area gives the Central Business District the characteristic of the highest accessibility. As a result, a variety of urban functions such as retail shops, offices, parking structures, public uses, manufacturing activities and housing are located at this activity center. The origin of manufacturing activities in Central Business Districts of cities is almost as old as the city itself. Today, however, one of the controversial issues in urban planning implementations, manufacturing industry is often proposed to be decentralized outside the Central Business District. The relationships of manufacturing industry with the Central Business District are evaluated as functional linkages which help keep it alive. Those types of manufacturing industries which cannot or should not spatially stay apart from service activities which are the main factors in supplying these vital linkages, have to operate in the Central Business District where their offices are also located. Trying to decentralize such manufacturing activities can result in constraints. In this case, either the planning implementations may be unsuccessful or the vital functions of the city may be damaged. In those developed country cities which experienced displacement of manufacturing industries in their Central Business Districts, socio-economic problems such as unemployment, poverty, derelict buildings and infrastructure vxihave arisen. The proposed solutions are usually concentrated on taking precautions which encourage manufacturing industries in staying at the Central Business District. For this purpose, defining the main characteristics of the manufacturing industries that will stay, and permitting the ones which comply with these characteristics, will contribute to keeping socio-economic vitality of the Central Business District. This thesis will approach the phenomenon öf the Central Business District in terms of manufacturing industry and will make an attempt to define the characteristics for those types of manufacturing industries which may remain in the Central Business District in urban planning implementations. For this purpose, first the spatial distribution of manufacturing industry within the Istanbul Metropolitan Area has been analyzed. Second, data gathered by a questionnaire survey and physical survey conducted in the Istanbul Central Business District have been evaluated. The findings are utilized in order to define the characteristics of manufacturing industries which operate in the Central Business District. The characteristics which are in accordance with the theoretical approaches and descriptive, are related with the scale and type of manufacturing industry. Thus, the criteria for determining the characteristics of the manufacturing industry function in the Central Business District may be summarized as follows: 1. Scale - determining criteria o Small manufacturing industry in terms of number of employees o Manufacturing industry which requires no specialized buildings o Low ground area per worker In Turkey, until 19 83, establishments with 10 or less employees were defined as small scale manufacturing industries, whereas after 19 83, the number of employees has been increased to 25 or less for the same definition. The survey conducted in Istanbul Central Business. District area has revealed that the average ground area per worker is 15 sq.m. vxxi2. Function- determining criteria o Specialized, skilled work o Face to face contact with the market required o The need to create external economies o Products affected by style factor and responding to special requirements o Small bulks of input and output. Either one or more of the characteristics stated above are valid for almost all types of small scale manufacturing industries. However, printing, publishing and allied products and apparel and related products industries carry all of these characteristics. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, where the general aspects of the problem are introduced. The second and third chapters are a systematic review of the theoretical and empirical background to city center and location of manufacturing industry studies. In the second chapter, the city center is examined in its historical context ; and the concepts of city center and the Central Business District in urban land use models are reviewed. The comparisons and critics of these models are also explained. In the third chapter, manufacturing industry and the location of manufacturing industry within the city are described in details and types of manufacturing industry activities are examined. The approaches to manufacturing industry in urban land use models and empirical studies related to intra-urban location of manufacturing industry are stated. Manufacturing industries that are located in the Central Business District are evaluated in terms of their linkages, functions and scales. In the fourth chapter the results of the original survey, conducted in the light of the two preceding chapters are discussed. First, legal interventions and ixplanning implementations that affected the location of manufacturing industry within the Istanbul Metropolitan Area are stated. Second, the location of manufacturing industry establishments in the Istanbul Metropolitan Area is analyzed by utilizing the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). All related data is gathered from the files of the manufacturing industry establishments that are enrolled in the Istanbul Chamber of -Industry since the present statistical data related to these establishments, is inadequate. Third, the distribution of manufacturing industry establishments and their offices in the municipal districts are cross-tabulated according to those which have seperate offices and which have their offices in the manufacturing plant. Fourth, the research is concentrated on the manufacturing industry establishments located in the Istanbul Central Business District, both in Beyoğlu and Eminönü parts. The findings of the.. questionnaire survey are analyzed and evaluated in the following sub-headings : o Types of manufacturing industry establishments o Foundation dates of manufacturing industry establishments o Place of birth of manufacturing industry establishments o Area of manufacturing industry establishments o Ownership of manufacturing industry establishments o Number of employees of industry establishments o Reasons of preference of present location of manufacturing industry establishments o Problems faced in the Central Business District o Estimates related to the future of the manufacturing establishments o Place wanted for relocation of the manufacturing establishments. In the fifth chapter, the distinguishing characteristics of the manufacturing industry in the Central Business District are determined. x