İmar planlı alanlarda konut bölgelerinin gelişimi: Trabzon için bir çözümleme

Abstract

İMAR PLANLI ALANLARDA KONUT BÖLGELERİNİN GELİŞİMİ TRABZON İÇİN BİR ÇÖZÜMLEME ÖZET Bu tez kapsamı içinde ele alınan araştırmanın konusu imar planlı alanlar içindeki konut alanlarının gelişmesidir. Konu, Trabzon örneği ele alınarak incelenmektedir. Bi rinci bölümde konut alanlarının gelişimi ve imar planları ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, Trabzon kenti daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmekte, çalışma alanlarının sınırları tanımlan makta ve çözümleme çalışmalarının sonuçları açıklanmaktadır, Üçüncü bölümde araştırma yöntemi anlatılmakta ve kul lanılan modeller tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bölümde anket sonuçları değerlendirilmekte ve istatistik karşılaştırmaları yapılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde ise araştırmanın genel sonuçları tar tışılmakta ve öneriler getirilmektedir. Varılan sonuçlar ana çizgileri ile şöyledir:. Konut alanları aşırı yoğunlaşmakta, mahalle içlerin deki yeşil alanlar giderek yokolmaktadır. Güneşlenme ve hava kirliliği ise daha çok yer seçimi ile ilgili görülmektedir.. İmar planlarına uygun olmayan gelişmeler en çok yoğunluk artışı konusunda olmaktadır.. Konut büyüklüğünden hoşnutluk, konut mülkiyeti ve doğum yerleri ile ilişkili bulunmuştur.. Konutlandırma yoğunluğu en çok eğitim durumuna bağlı olarak artmaktadır.. Kullanıcılar, yaşadıkları mahallelerden hoşnut gö rülmektedirler. Bunlara bağlı olarak yer seçimi, yeşil alanların artırılması ve konut büyüklüğü seçimi konularında öneriler geliştirilmiştir. v

DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN MASTER PLANS: AN ANALYSIS FOR TRABZON SUMMARY The subject of this thesis is the development of residential areas within master plan. The case study has been done for Trabzon. In the first chapter the development of residential areas in Turkey and the comparison of them with master plans are discussed. In the early years of the Turkish Republic urbanisation rate was slow. In the newly urbanizing capital, Ankara, some precautions had to be taken. Therefore, the expropriation of the land now known as Yenişehir, dates to this period.. Between the years of 1933 to 1945 some foreign planners were commissioned to prepare master plans. After the 1930 a concept called neighborhood planning was introduced. Acceleration of urbanis-ation after the Second World War has caused the flourishing of squatter housing around the main cities. This has resulted in the deterioration of the city scape. Thus, none of the master plans could be brought into application. In the period of Development Plans, mass housing applications has been started. However, this has not stopped the squattering and the deterioration of the city scape. After the enforcement of the `Mass Housing Law` the building of mass houses in Turkey has been accelerated. The regiment and the prerequisi ties of the old master plans and the laws and bylaws which concern the planning of residential areas were compared with those of the new Land Use Law no 3194. Obligation on municipalities to make master plans outside the boundaries of their areas, giving municipalities the right of making master plans, prevention of the sale of shared title-deed, are the renovation on the subject. The land use applications and the development of residential areas in Trabzon has been studied in two parts, namely the period before and after the establishment of the Republic. There are some known land-use applications vxin the Pre-Republic period. These were limited to local applications rather than covering the whole town. Housing regions are known by their names and locations. In the Republic period two master plans has been enforced. The first one was prepared by Lambert in 1939. It only regulated the physical space. What were done according to this plan a longitudinal avenue from one and of the town to the other, a half completed avenue parallel to the first one, and four avenues intersecting these perpendicularly. In this period there are two residential areas been applicated. The city scape did not deteriorate during this period because the town was not in fast growth. In 1965 ' s icreasing constructional activities has shown that Lambert's plan was not adequate. The second master plan which was obtained after a national competition in 1968, was put into use in 1970. The tangential road which was the most favorable factor in winning the competition has not been completed yet. In transfering the minor industry site, and the administrative center to the aera shown on the structure plan and obtaining of recreational areas on the shore by filling the sea, have been achieved. On the housing areas the density has been increased to 2 ~3 times that was shown on the master plan. There are also houses built on green areas and on unhygienic and dangereus areas. These resulted in revising of the second master plan in 1972, 1977 and 1984. After the issue of the Law no 3194, a planning group was established within the municipalitiy. Concequently the preparation of the master plan for the area around the town has been started in 1988. In the second chapter, the field studies on the town of Trabzon has been explained. The area of the study has been defined and the result of the analysis has been given. The field studies consist of analysis and inquiry stages. Analysis has been done on 1/5000 scale town map and on 1/1000 scale residential area maps. Information on actual land use, building density, building characters, service and transportation facilities of Trabzon has been obtained. Nine study areas has been selected and the questionnaire studies were done on these areas. The questionnaire included 38 questions and 10 % sampling method has been used. The questions cover the house, the area around the house, family structure, the user requirement and appraisal on these issues. The information thus obtained, has been given under 25 headings. It was seen at the end of analysis and the questionnaire that the problems on the air pollution and shading of buildings are closely related to the suitable site selection. The air pollution reduces with increasing distance from viithe industrial sites. Slope and its direction also related to the sunshine period of the buildings. In the third chapter, the research method and the models used has been explained. The results of the questionnaire were appraised and their statistical comparison were made. The relation matrices for each study has been prepared and the correlation has been searched in the subjects where significant logical relations could be set. The following equation has been used in computing the correlation coefficent, r: R = (x-x)(y-y)/n ax. ay and lineer regressions as formulated by the equation of y= a+bx have been drawn. In subjects where correlations were too little to meet expectations multifactorial lineer regression has been searched for. The model can be defined with the following equation : yl= a1.23+b12.3X2+b13.2x3 R, `o has been found by the following equation: M.23-t«'î-'ı',/J(yı-yı)'] The housing density has been found by the following equation Y= A+B1X1+B2X2+BoX3 where Y = Density X,= Average Age of The Family X`= Educational Index(e ) X^= Mobility The main results of the statistical analysis are thus: * There is no relation between housing density, sunshining of the buildings and air pollution. * There is high positive correlation between the lack of green area and lack of view. * There is high positive correlation between the lack of green area and the children playing at the street. * There is high positive correlation between the lack of green area and childrens vandalism.' * There is medium positive correlation between the lack of green areas and the danger of childrens playing at the street. viii* There is.medium positive correlation between the lack of green areas and the children's demand for sport fields. * There is medium positive correlation between the lack of green areas and the families demand for garden. * When the lack of green areas and the place of birth are contrasted `with the demand for garden, strong positive correlations are found( village borns R= 0.741, town borns R= 0.822). * A lower than expected correlation is found between children's playing at the street and the demand for garden. * No correlation is found between the level of education of the subjects and the demand for garden. * Higher levels of education and being born in towns highly correlate(R= 0.876), likewise lower level of education and being born in small villages highly correlate (R=0.806) Therefore when no link is found between various factors and level of education, place of birth is taken as the basis for comparison. * When the consequences of lack of children's playground and place of birth and demand for garden are contrasted the results indicate people born in villages and people born in towns show equal concern and interest in children's playgrounds and gardens. * Satisfaction with the square meter of housing and the actual size of the house do not seem to correlate. * Medium positive correlation is observed between satisfaction with the largeness of the house and house being owned by the subject. * When satisfaction and place of birth are investigated results indicate that those born in villages positively react to the largeness of their houses where as a medium positive correlation is observed between born in town and satisfaction with the largeness of the house. * When factors such as ownership, place of birth and largeness of house are contrasted a higher correlation is calculated between ownership and largeness among those born in villages (R= 0.79) than those born in towns(R= 0.74). ix* People who live in high density housing have had higher education based on strong positive correlations calculated between these two factors. On the forth chapter general conclusion of the research are discussed and provisions for future are made. The conclusions arrived at and propositions made are as follows: * Residential areas are getting denser gradually. This is causing the diminishing of green areas within neighborhoods which in turn bring about a large number of problems. * Sunshine and air pollution seem mostly related to location decisions. * Inappropriate developments take place againts master plans. This aggregate density and problems associated with it. * Square meter of housing differs from one neighborhood to another. Satisfaction with square meter of housing seems related to ownership and place of birth. * Housing density increases mostly along with level of education. * Users mostly complain about sunshine, view, green area and lack of other utilities but they seem to be satisfied with their neighborhoods. Congruent with these findings propositions related to the choice of location of housing, increase in green areas, and choice of square of housing are made.