Karma geliştirme projeleri ve programlama ilkeleri

Abstract

ÖZET Bir süreden beri değişik amaçlara hizmet eden çeşitli yükseklikteki binaların iyi düzenlenmiş kompozisyonlar oluşturmak üzere planlanmaları savunulmaktadır. Karma geliştirme diye adlandırdığımız bu binalar, başta merkezi iş bölgeleri olmak üzere kent merkezlerinde oluşan birçok problemi ve toplumsal yaşantıda çıkan karşıtlıkları gidermektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, sözü edilen sorunların giderilmesi yönünden önem taşıyan `Karma Geliştirme Projeleri`nin yarar ve sakıncalarını tartışmak ve programlama prensiplerini saptamaktır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışma 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, merkezi iş bölgelerindeki problemlere dikkat çekilmiş ve konunun toplumsal ve kentsel yönden önemi vurgulanmış, tezin amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi anlatılmıştır, ikinci bölümde Karma Geliştirme Projelerinin tanımlanması bakımından amaçları ve özellikleri ele alınmış; bu projelerin hangi sebepler dolayısı ile ihtiyaç olarak doğduğu ve gelişme gösterdiği konu edilmiş; çağlar boyunca tarihi gelişimi günümüze kadar incelenmiş, bu konuda hazırlanmış projeler irdelenerek mimari açıdan gelişimleri araştırılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde; karma geliştirme projelerine eleştirisel bir gözle yaklaşılmış ve değerlendirilmiş, bu projelerin yarar ve sakıncaları üzerinde durularak sonuçlar çıkartılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümü, karma geliştirme projelerinin programlanmasında eksikliklerin giderilmesine ilişkin çalışmalar oluşturmuştur. Genel olarak programlama konusunda bir inceleme yapıldıktan sonra, karma fonksiyonlu binaların özenle programlanması gereği üzerinde durulmuş, programlamada doğan sorunlardan söz edilmiş ve programlama yöntem ve aşamaları üzerinde öneriler getirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, karma geliştirme projelerinin genel değerlendirmesi yapılarak sonuçlar çıkarılmıştır. - vıı

SUMMARY MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND THEIR PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES The main aim of this thesis is to discuss the advantages versus disadvantages of `mixed use development` and to determine their programming principles based on realistic data. It also includes the examination of the origin and the development of `mixed use concept` which is necessary for the treatment of the subject. `Mixed use development` is a group of buildings, with different functions, which have various heigtes and characteristics and are built as a well-designed composition on large sites. The mixed-use projects which differ in terms of their scales, can vary from small groups of houses and work places used by several families, to complexes where thousands of people live and work. Various founctions either can take place in single bloks, or they can be distributed to several masses of different heights and areas. `Mixed use concept` can be considered as a reaction against the priciple of zoning which had appeared as a result of the industrial revolution. Zoning has been accep ted as a solution since the begining of the 20tn century. The zoning priciple, became popular for a long priod, but was strongly criticized due to the drawbacks resulted from it's application; and it started to lose its popularity after 1950' ies. Most important criticisms against the results of zoning are:.Working areas which are crowded during the days, but deserted at nights to be populated only by criminally oriented people and to become the scene of out-lawed achivities..Alarming transportation problems among these zones, causing loss of time and energy, need of two parking places for motor-car are in habitation and other in work area..Imergency of different districts for the rich and the poor, in a city. Especially in all developed countries today, the central business areas are considered as the areas which have most severe problem, that should be solved as soon as possible. The mixed-use development as a solution for these problems, has been advocated - viii -since a considerable time. The technological developments also made extensive application of the mixed-use projects possible from several point of views. As a re sult of technological development, industry turns out to be harmless to the environ ment, and then mixing industrial working places with housing areas in the future is be coming possible. Along with technological development and automation, as well as the sreading use of computer in service sector, the central working areas will be less crowded in the future and these areas will be vacant for new kinds of activities. In addition, with the use advanced electronic equipment some of the proffessional activities are earning back to the house, and this will make it possible to use the house as the centre of social life. The following are the objectives of mixed-use development:.To direct the growth of a city in a reasonable way..To develop the quality of construction in city center and under developed areas..To re-utilize the city center..To provide building complexes using multi-functional compositions in the new areas. Important social problems appear in the central business areas, since residential buil dings change into other functions diminishing night-population of average citizens. Thus, a concentration of poors, marginal people and petty. Criminal take place, cou- sing social degeneration. One of the main objective of mixed use developments is to revive and recover social conditions in these zones by improving population charac teristics both from quantitative and qualitative view-points. Mixed-use projects can also serve the purpose of increasing demand by supplying buildings with higher qualities. Thus it can serve to revitalize these areas. The early samples of multi-functional developments can be found in the antique age. Especially in the middle ages, this type of building had an important role in city life. The multi-functional developments which have a long historical background are get ting more popular nowadays. The most significant examples of mixed use projects in our age are the `Barbican` in London, and `La Dafence` in Paris. They were construc ted in the 1960's. Urban center concepts have undergone marked changes since their popularization in the early 1 950's. A brief history in this thesis explains why so many complexes have evolved to assume those forms that today represents mixed-use. - ix -Historically, cities were always composed of mixed-use buildings. The automobile, surban expansion and the advent of land-use zoning radically altered this urban pat tern, with single-purposehess carried to the extreme. The principle of collecting similar uses into centers, produces the shopping center the industrial park etc. all anti thetical to city life. Sucessive generations of mixed-use complexes since 1950's have clearly attemted to counter the idea of segregation, evolving from simple plazas defi ned by buildings to multi-level concourses animated with activity. These projects have been universally adopted. It has been first generation of mixed-use prototy pes. Unlike their early samples in 1 940's, they are more truly mixed-use building rather than collection of discrete single-use structures. They are often smaller in scale and appear to offer an incremental buildings component for modern cities, a synergistic archetype combining many activities that once again can bring about the diversity and liveliness synonymous with urban life. In this fashion such buildings recall the multi-level city idea pointed out by Leonardo da Vinci as apposed to the more com monly applied urban models derived from Le Corbusier. In the second generation of mixed-use prototypes in middle 1960's, shopping con courses become dominant as the form-giving backbones of the designs and the `plat form look` receded. Not coincidentally, the same period ushered in the double story enclosed-mall suburban shopping centers. The latest trend in mixed-use building is the central space type, in which multiple acti vities are arranged on several leves surrounding a covered courtyard. Recently the form can be seen in the new super regional enclosed mall shopping centers. Added ingredients are the multiple uses and the level, that focus in the atriums. Because of the scale and location of most mixed-use complexes, they can seldom occur without same sort of public participation.Whatever the sponsorship, the moti ves for mixed-use complexes are the same: to improve business area. With the mixed-use projects, various benefits can be obtained together. These are:.The integration of different social groups..Obtaining orderly management, maintenance and restoration services..Creating interesting effects and symbolic values instead of the resent monotony which characterises most cities also to the out-dated building rules..Having balanced proportions between the values of the buildings that will be constructed and the price of building lot. Thus, reducing the shore of the land in final cost can be possible and buildings of good quality may be obtained chea per. - x -.Obtaining a vividness in different seasons and during different time periods of a day; especially the city centres at night..Mixing functions which can produce no financial profit, even which need subvan- tion, with highly profitable functions. Within an operational combination; thus ob taining an average profit and provide some services without burdening public budgets..Making the buildings have deep and effective sights by the use of natural ele ments onground by having underground garages. Some disadvantages as well as the advantages of mixed-use can be seen. These are:.Increased stress and aggresiveness attributed to high densities..Social isolation..Insufficient social services in the immediate neighborhood..Security problems that originate from the increased building heights and denci- ties. The mixture of activities usually extends the use of the facility, perhaps even around the clock, there by prorating fixed operating costs and stimulating other city center economic activity. One of the most serious problems is their coarse grain which trends to destroy the scale of surrounding neighborhoods buildings. Another issue is the loss of street life due to the internally focused galerias and courtyads. A whole city composed of these development would have minimal pedestrian activity along the streets. A third issue is the lack of housing in most mixed-use complexes. If we are to make ci ties work again, we need a mixed-use prototype that includes residential space. In addition to other uses, a large resident population will provide countinous activity for the complex. If may at lost be clear that urban mixed-use buildings are necessary. The programming of the mixed-use buildings which are extensive and effective in terms of their results is rather important. The success in achieving the desired purpo se in the program depends on the right decisions and details in programming. Programming is an important subject to which importance should be given in architec- - xi -tural designing it is a process of objectification. The decisions made in programming di rectly reflect to designed product. Therefore, the perfect preperation of the program will lessen the architectural prob lems and the difficulties in the usage will be eliminated. Programming is essential for buildings in which many functions come together like mixed-use development, and at the same time it is difficult to prepare a program be cause of the great number of alternatives. In such buildings especially as mixed-use development types incorporating various functions, participation of users can not be achieved. The capacity values related to mixed-use development projects must be well balanced in hierarchical order. The knowledge of basic capacity makes it possible to calculate the low capacity values. Technological capabilities, the availability of land and economic resources with func tional requirements and problems associated with maintenance are critical in determi ning the low and upper limit values. XII