Adana geleneksel konut mimarisinin incelenmesi ve Ulucami çevresi için koruma amaçlı bir çalışma

Abstract

ÖZET Adana' daki tarihi kentsel alanların büyük bölümünün yokolduğu, günümüze kadar ulaşabilen alanlarda ise önemli bozulmaların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Değişen sosyal statüleri, yetersiz teknik donatıları ve bozulan fiziksel yapıları ile, yükselen arsa değerlerine karşı koyamayan- geleneksel konutlar birer birer yokolurken, anıtsal yapılar da hatalı onarımlar ve ekler ile özgün lüklerini büyük ölçüde kaybetmektedirler. Bu tez ile Adana'daki geleneksel konutların genel özelliklerinin saptanma sına ve tarihi kentsel alanların korunabilmesi amacı ile potansiyel değerleri ve yeniden kullanım olanaklarının açığa çıkarılmasına çalışılmıştır. Tezin 1. Bölümünde, çalışmanın belirlenen amaç doğrultusundaki kapsamı ve yöntem tanımlanmıştır. 2. Bölümde, Adana kentinin tarihsel süreç içinde gelişimi irdelenmiş, kentteki mimari ve kentsel oluşum tarih önce si dönemlerden başlanarak kısaca özetlenmiştir. Bu bölüm de özellikle kente önemli mimari eserler kazandıran Ramazanoğulları Beyliği Dönemi'ndeki ve 19. yüzyıl sonu ile 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki gelişmelere ağırlık verilmiş tir. 3. bölümde ise, öncelikle Adana 'daki tarihi kentsel alan ların sınırları belirlenmiş ve kent ölçeğinde fiziksel özellikleri saptanmıştır. Tarihi alanların ve geleneksel konutların günümüzdeki durumları araştırılmış, seçilen 50 örnek konutta yapılan çalışmalar sonucu, Adana geleneksel konut mimarisindeki genel planlama ilkeleri ortaya konmuş tur. Ayrıca konutların plan ve cephe özellikleri de tipolojik bir analizle belirlenmiştir. 4. Bölümde, tez kapsamında uygulama alanı olarak seçilen Ulucami çevresindeki tarihi dokunun fiziksel ve sosyo-kültürel yapısı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca bölgede mimari ve mekan sal tespitler yapılarak, bölgedeki tarihi konutlar ve anıt sal yapılar belgelenmiştir. 5. Bölümde, bölge için koruma amaçlı kararlar geliştirilmiş ve yaşayarak korunan bir çevre olabilmesi için öneriler getirilmiştir. ix

SUMMARY A STUDY ON TRADITIONAL HOUSING IN ADANA AND A SUGGESTION FOR PRESERVATION AT ULUCAMİ DISTRICT Today it can easily be seen that the old part of Adana is almost disappeared and the number of the traditional houses are decreasing day by day. The old houses are getting lesser and lesser because of the increase in urban land values and changes in life standards. They have inadequate technical structures, spoilt physical structures and lost social statutes. Their owners usually left them and they don't want to repair these old houses. They want to build 5 or 6 storied concrete buildings instead of these buildings. With this research it is aimed to determine the general characteristics of the traditional houses in Adana and to reveal their potential values. The main focus of this thesis is to determine the architectural characteristics of the monumental buildings and the traditional houses at Ulucami district and to preserve them with their dynamic use. Within this main theme, in the first chapter, the scope and the orientation of the thesis is described. In the second chapter the historical development of Adana is examined. During the process of its development, different names were given to the city and its borders changed from time to time. At all periods of time, Adana had been an important city as a crossing point between Anatolia and Mesopotamia. During the Roman time it had been developed city and a cultivated commercial centre at the region. The most important development of the city was seen at the period of Ramazanoğulları, who owned the state in 16 th century. At this period of time Adana had been a developed city. After this period of time, when the city was governed by Ottoman Empire, no considerable development could be seen in Adana till the beginning of 20 th century. In 20 th century the city began to grow due to the agricultural and industrial development which make the economy active. It is seen that the elaborate houses with 2 or 3 stories were built at this period of time as a result of this development.In the second chapter the architectural and urban development of the city are examined. `Taşköprü` is the still standing sample of the architectural development of the Roman time. It is seen that the period of Ramazanoğulları is the time that a lot of monumental buildings had been built. Mosques, madrasahs, shops and baths are some of these public buildings which were built at this period. Ulucami is the most considerable monumental building of this period. There aren't enough publications and knowledge about the architectural development of the city in 18 th and 19 th centuries. We can only learn some details from the notes of travellers who visited Adana in these centuries. In these centuries, it is seen that Adana was not a cultivated city and the urban development of the city had been stopped. The traditional houses which are still standing are generally the samples that had been built at the beginning of 20 th century. In the second chapter, the architectural and urban formation of the period of time, between 1900 and 1940 are also examined in a large scope, too. In the third chapter the main characteristics of traditional Adana houses had been examined. After the location of the historical urban site in today's Adana is determined; 50 old houses are selected from the different districts as the samples of traditional Adana houses, and theirplan types and facade types had been examined. These houses are generally built on little pieces of land disorderly. They are directed to north-south, in order to benefit from the sunlight and the breeze. They usually have little courtyards which take place at the southern side of the houses. Typical Adana houses are usually modest and 2 storied but there are also huge and 3 storied samples with `yazlık` s at the top story, too. The front facades of the traditional houses are plain with massive brick constructed ground floors and `hımış` constructed second floors. Although the ground floors have less windows, there are a lot of windows on the upper floors and these windows have a proportion of 1/2. The rooms of the upper floors are directed to the streets with `balkon`s and `çıkma` s. The elaborate arched doors are dominant architectural elements at the facades of the houses. These doors are first opened to `taşlık`s and then the courtyards. The ceilings of the `taşlık` s are generally built very high even if there is a gallery or winter story of the house. The ground floors of the houses are usually used for storage. In general, kitchens and xitoilets are on this floor, too. The stairs which goes up to the upper stories of the houses take place in the courtyards. The rooms and the `sofa` s are in the upper stories and `sofa` s are in the upper stories and `sofa` is the main place of these stories. The location of `sofa` usually determines the plan type of the house. We can specify the plan types of the houses in two groups according to the `sofa` s. One of hem is `the houses with inner `sofa` s and the other is ` the houses with outer `sofa` s. In the type of houses with outer `sofa`s, the interior spaces are usually opened to the half opened `sofa` s. The inner `sofa` s are generally longitudinal, closed spaces with rooms at two opposite sides. Tepebağ, which is an archeological site, is also the most kept part of the old city. There are modest samples of traditional houses which are still standing and old street formations do still partly exist. Kayalıbağ has magnificient houses wih 2 or 3 stories at the shore of Seyhan River. But the part of Kayalxbag which is near to Tepebağ is the district wih 2 storied, modest houses. The samples at Ulucami district are usually special samples most of which have 3 stories and `yazlik`s. In general these houses have no courtyards. We can also say that the historical urban site character of Sariyakup still exists, too. Most of the traditional houses at this district are modest samples with 2 stories and courtyards. Türkocağı, Hurmalı and Kuruköprü have a different architectural formation due to the cultural diversity of the minority groups that lived at these districts. In the fourth chapter the historical development of Ulucami district, which is choosen as the study area, is examined. After this, the location and the present conditions of the district is determined. Ağca Masjid (Ağca Mescit), Ulu mosque (Ulu Cami) and its tomb, Ulucami Madrasah (Ulucami Medresesi), Tuz Bazaar (Tuz Hanı), Wifehood Palace (Harem Dairesi), Çarşı Bath (Çarşı Hamamı), the Covered Bazaar (Kapalı Çarşı) and the old shops, Bakımoğlu Masjid (Bakımoğlu Mescidi), Cuma Fakıh Masjid (Cuma Fakıh Mescidi), The Big Clock Tower (Büyük Saat Kulesi), the school which was built at the beginning of 20 th century and 13 traditional houses are the historical buildings that take place at Ulucami district. The monumental buildings are examined and reports about them are given. xiiThe buildings, in the study area, differ from each other with the building systems, the building materials, the heights and the largeness of the parcels. All of the 13 traditional houses are registered by the `Commission for the Preservation of Immovable Cultural and Natural Heritage` but none of them can be kept in good conditions. At the district, the monumental buildings still constitute a living commercial center. The traditional houses in this district have 2 or 3 stories and most of them have no courtyards. Most of them are the samples with inner 'sofa` s. These samples usually have balconies and `yazlık` s at the top story. Their construction system is the massive brick construction in the ground floor and half-timber (hımış) in the upper stories. The elaborate front doors, the `cumba`s and the eaves are the dominant architectural elements of the facades. The social structure of the inhabitants of the choosen area is examined by making interviews with them. From the results of these` interviews, we can determine that most of the people who live in traditional houses are tenants with low rents. These houses are usually divided into parts and they are rent to poor people. This kind of divisions and additions all cause the traditional houses to loose their originality and aesthetic values. The houses are usually left by their owners and these people don't want their houses to be preserved. They usually are not interested in the cultural and aesthetic values of these old houses. In the fifth chapter, there are some suggestions for revealing the potential values of the historical urban site and possibilities for the re-use of the monumental buildings and the traditional houses. For this aim general planning decisions are taken in order to preserve the characteristics of this area, at Ulucami district and the traditional houses that take place at this district. There are some propositions to re-arrenge the traffic in Ali Münif Yeğenağa Street. It is also suggested to increase the pathways while decreasing the motorways. It is aimed to increase the green areas at the district, too. For the new housing areas some limitations are brought, too. The height of the newly constructing buildings, the building materials that can be used in these buildings and the formal characteristics of them are generally limited in order to obtain a formal continuity with the old and to prevent a contradictory architectural formation at the district. xiiiThe are also some functional suggestions in order to make the site a living urban space. The district is suggested as a commercial center between the residential areas such as Tepebağ and Sariyakup. Some of the houses are suggested as lodgings which would be used by students and some of them are suggested to be studios, cafes, bars and little restaurants. One of the houses is suggested to be arranged as `Teacher's House`. Some houses are left as residential buildings which would be used by their owners. Ulucami Madrasah is proposed such a Fine Arts Studio which would be dependent to the university. The buildings that are contradictory with the surrounding and the buildings which are in bad condition are suggested to be knocked off. The historical buildings are usually suggested to be repaired; restorations and reconstructions are not offered to preserve these buildings. There are some suggestions for the organization and finansing of the preservation purposeful studies and works. The financial and technical help of he Çukurova University is suggested for the preservation aimful studies. For the preservation of the historical urban sites, first of all, the decisions of the zoning and and construction plans must not be contradictory with the decisions of the plans which aim preservation. The people must be educated about the preservation of the traditional houses and the way to use them in active life.' The people who are living in the traditional houses must accept the decisions for preservation and they must be organised in order to take part in these studies and works. The organization of the. habitants and the must be continuous in order to make the houses stand for years of time. xiv