İnşaat sektöründe alt yüklenici davranışları

Abstract

ÖZET İnşaat sektörünün kendine özgü koşulları, genel yüklenicilerin davranışlarını şekillendirerek, onları alt yüklenici kullanmaya yöneltir. Ancak sektörün önemli bir üyesi olan alt yükleniciler de genel yüklenicileri ile aynı koşullar altında, üretimlerini gerçekleştirmektedirler. Araştırmada, genel yüklenicileri etkileyen sektörel koşullar karşısında alt yüklenicilerin davranışlarının nasıl şekiUendiğinin belirlenmesi, amaçlanmıştır. Otuzüç firmanın katıldığı araştırmanın sonunda ortaya çıkan bu tez beş bölümden oluşmaktadır.. İlk bölümde, sektörün özelliklerinin kısaca belirlenmesi ile ele alınan konunun içeriği anlatılarak tanıtımı yapılmış ve amaç belirlenmiştir.. İkinci bölümde, sorunun tanıtımı yapılmış, inşaat sektörünün genel karakteristikleri geniş olarak verilerek sektörde alt yüklenicilik kavramı irdelenmiş ve alt yüklenicilerin sorumlulukları belirlenmiştir.. Araştırmanın temel yaklaşımı üçüncü bölümde verilmektedir. Hipotezler bu bölümde ortaya konulmuş, araştırmanın tasarımı, veri toplama ve soru kağıdı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Değişkenlerin ölçülmesi ve kullanılan istatistiksel yöntemle ilgili açıklamalar da bu bölümde yer almaktadır.. Dördüncü bölüm araştırmanın bulgularım içermektedir. Tanımlayıcı çözümlemelerle birlikte histogramlar, alt yüklenicilerin genel yüklenicilerle ve ikincil alt yüklenicilerle ilişkilerine yönelik düşünceleri, alt yüklenicilerin ikincil alt yüklenicilere iş devir etmelerine ilişkin düşünceleri ve ilişkisel çözümlemeler bu bölümde yer almaktadır.. Bulguların hipotezler doğrultusunda tartışılması, tanımlayıcı ve ilişkisel çözümlemelerden elde edilen sonuçlar ve genel olarak çalışmanın sonuçları ile öneriler ve araştırmada yapılamayanlar bu bölümde yer almaktadır. Bulgulara dayanılarak araştırmanın sonucu şöyle açıklanabilir. Sektöre özgü koşullar ve yönetim sorunları alt yüklenicileri de etkilemektedir. Alt yüklenici f irmalarm meslek yaşamlarının sürekliliği onların iş almada gösterecekleri performansla ve işin gerek kendileri, gerekse genel yüklenicileri açısından başarılı olarak bitirilmesi ile sağlanabilmektedir. Çünkü alt yükleniciler bu sayede genel yüklenicileri ile ilişkilerine, çok önem verdikleri sürekliliği kazandırmaktadırlar. Alt yüklenicilerin işin alınmasında gösterecekleri performans onların iş hacimlerinde iniş-çıkışlara neden olmakta ve bu yüzden onlar da genel yükleniciler gibi iş gücü/araç/donanım konusunda atıl kapasite ve planlama sorunları yaşamaktadırlar. Bu sorunu çözmek üzere, alt yükleniciler de genel yüklenicileri gibi, alt yüklenici kullanabilmektedirler. vu

SUMMARY SUBCONTRACTOR'S BEHAVIOR IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The present thesis aims to investigate subcontractor behavior in confronting the uncertainties posed by the construction sector. In other words, the aim is to study organizational responses to environmental uncertainty not from a general contractor's, but from a subcontractor's perspective. The thesis is arranged in five parts. The first section, introduces the subject and the content of the study undertaken. The aim of the study is also presented in the first section. The second section is devoted to the problem. First of all, characteristics of the construction industry are outlined. These characteristics may be stated as follows:. The product is stable, while producers are mobile.. Production takes place in the open air, rendering processes prone to climatic conditions.. Each project is unique, requiring different combinations of resources.. Fluctuations in demand create problems of excess capacity in terms of manpower and equipment.. Fluctuations in demand and organization of demand in the form of projects create resource planning problems.. Securing of contracts depends on competitive bidding, which creates further problems of uncertainty. The uncertainties confronted have led to the extensive use of subcontracting by general contractors. Subcontracting serves to,. provide a buffer against fluctuations in demand by easing manpower and equipment planning. reduce the investment needs of the general contractor viu. reduce the possibility of creating excess resource capacity The third section outlines the basic approach of the study, by formulating two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 : Subcontractors show a tendency to maintain long term relationships with main contractors. The rationale behind this assumption is that just like main contractors, subcontractors are also affected by uncertainties in the construction sector. Maintaining long term (or quasi-firm) relationships with main constractors is a way of coping with fluctuations in the work load. Hypothesis 2 : Subcontractors subcontract work to secondary subcontractors under pressure. Subcontractors' responses to environmental uncertainty is built on the model of main contractor'responses: namely, to subcontract work to secondary subcontractor units undertime pressure and sometimes, for commercial purposes. Research design involves a cross-sectional survey of subcontractors active in Istanbul. Thirtythree subcontractors were selected and questions were directed to the owners of these subcontractor firms. Data collection was carried out between February 1993 - August 1994. The questionnaire items were composed of three parts:. Descriptive questions. Questions measuring main/subcontractor relationships. Questions measuring sub/secondary subcontractor relationships. The statistical analyses used include descriptive statistics and correlation analyses. The fourth section is devoted to the findings of the study. Descriptive statistics The sample consisted of subcontractors active in the following areas. Design services. Earth moving work IXFormwork Steel Concrete work Masonry work Roofing and related work Plaster and stucco work Window and door framing Painting and finishes Glass Interior decoration Building chemistry Mechanical installations Electrical installations General contracting The distribution of firms undertaking one or more of these activities is as follows: The sizes of these firms showed the following distribution:The answers provided by subcontractors to questions pertaining to their relationships with the main contractors led to the following major findings:. All of the subcontractors have at least worked on 5 projects with a main contractor.. Most of the subcontractors have provided support for their main contractors in case the main contractor had a conflict with the client.. Most of the subcontractors have provided free consultancy services to their main contractors when needed.. Subcontractors value their relationships with their main contractors and find their main contractors `important` The answers provided by subcontractors to questions pertaining to their relationships with other subcontractors led to the following major findings:. Most subcontractors accepted the fact that they subcontracted work to secondary subcontractors under time pressure. Most subcontractors accepted the fact that they subcontracted work to her subcontractors with commercial purposes.. Most subcontractors stated that they encountered problems of quality, scheduling, cost and payments with secondary subcontractors. The major findings of the correlation analyses carried out may be summarized as follows:. Subcontractors value long-term relationships with main contractors.. Subcontractors are aware of the fact that long-term relationships may be effectively sustained through solidarity, which they evaluate as a kind of sacrifice.. Subcontractors are aware of the fact that long-term relationships may be sustained through unproblematic cooperation. Therefore they regard coordination problems with secondary subcontractors as potential barriers to long-term relationships with main contractors.. Subcontractors try to control secondary subcontractors in relatively formal ways to ensure the avoidance of problems.. Subcontractors value formal relationships with main contractors.. Subcontractors experience control problems with secondary subcontractors, which they try to overcome by means of periodic controls. XIThe fifth section is devoted to the discussion of the findings with reference to the hypotheses formulated. Findings support both hypotheses. The findings are summarized and compared with each other in this section. This section also draws general conclusions and is devoted to avenues of further research. The subcontracting of work to secondary subcontractors brings new problems that need to be- tackled through further research in the area: These are namely:. What is the economic load of further subcontracting to the main contractor and can this load be quantified?. What are the implications of the addition of another ring to the production chain for site management in general? These questions need to be investigated through further empirical research. xu