Hafif raylı sistem araçlarının iç mekanlarının morfolojik açıdan analizi

Abstract

HAFİF RAYLI SİSTEM ARAÇLARININ İÇ MEKANLARININ MORFOLOJİK AÇIDAN ANALİZİ ÖZET Bu çalışmada toplu ulaşım hizmetlerin giderek yaygınlaşması ve gelişmesiyle önem kazanan hafif raylı sistem araçtan ele alınmıştır. Araçların arasında gerek teknoloji gerekse endüstri tasanmı açısından büyük farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu farklılıklar iç mekan tasarım ve düzenlemesinde daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle problem alanı hafif raylı sistem araçlarının iç mekanlannın morfolojik açıdan analız edilmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araçlar onlan oluşturan öğelere ayrılmış ve bu öğeler tanımlanıp incelenmiştir. Diğer taraftan hafif raylı sistem araçları konusunda terminolojik bir belirsizliğin bulunmasından dolayı yapılan çalışmada sınıflandırmalar yapılarak terminolojiye katkıda bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Terminolojik belirsizliğin en önemli örneği `tramvay` ve `hafif raylı sistem aracı` konusundadır. Çoğu kaynakta bu terim birbirine kanştınlmaktadır. Mevcut terminolojik belirsizliğin önlenebilmesi amacıyla öncelikle tramvay kavramı açıklanarak tarihi gelişimi kısaca incelenmiştir. Bu bakımdan hafif raylı sistem araçlarının tramvayların gerek teknolojik gerekse tasarım açısından torunları olduğu söylenebilir. Yapılan tarihi inceleme hafif raylı sistem araçlannın gündeme gelmesinin nedenlerinin daha iyi anlaşılması açısından da önemlidir. Araçlann tasanm açısından analız edilebilmesi için araçlar ana bileşenlerine ayrılarak bu elemanlar incelenmiş ve örnekiendirilmiştir. Bu ana bileşenler `elektro- mekanik sistem ve araç strüktürü`, `kullanıcıya ait elemanlar ve araçlar` ve `mekan sınırlayıcılar` olarak belirlenmiştir. `Elektro-mekanik sistem ve araç strüktürü` bu çalışmanın konusu olmamasına rağmen iç mekan tasanmını doğrudan etkilemesi açısından incelemiştir. Yine iç mekan tasarımını doğrudan etkileyen `araçlann modülerlik özellikleri ve `ürün platformu kavramı` analız edilmiş ve iç mekan üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Araçlann iç mekan tasanmı açısından analiz edilebilmesi için araçlann sınıflandırılması yapılmış bunun sonucun 4 farklı iç mekan özelliğine dayalı olarak araç tipolojisi oluşturulmuştur. Bu iç mekan özellikleri `taban tipi`, `cephe simetrisi`, `sürücü kabini sayısı` ve `oturma düzenimdir. Araştırma metodu olarak halen hizmet vermekte olan ve çağdaş bir tasarıma sahip mevcut hafif raylı sistem araçlannın incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla uluslararası firmalarla bağlantıya geçilmiş ve 37 adet araca ait broşür ve kataloglar elde edilmiştir. Bu kataloglarda ki bilgilerden yola çıkılarak araçlar 38 adet kriter açısından incelenmiş ve bu çalışma bir tablo haline getirilmiştir. Daha sonra bu tablodaki veriler kriterlere göre grafikler oluşturulmuş ve bu grafikler esas alınarak araçlann özelliklerinin frekans dağılımları incelenmiştir. Frekans dağılımı elde etmekteki amaç incelenen araçtan gruplara ayırabilmek ve bu grupların aralarındaki tasanm farklarını ortaya koyabilmektir. Yapılan incelemede elde edilen bulgulara dayanılarak araçlarda (2+2) düzeni giderek daha çok kullanılmaktadır. Bunun sebebi konfor kavramının giderek dahafazla önem kazanmasıdır. Ancak ayakta duran yolculara yer kazandırmak için de bu araçlarda marjinal düzeyde diğer oturma sistemleri de kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemler (2+1), (1+1) ve karşılıklı düzenlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra (1+1) düzeni gibi ayakta ki yolcular açından avantajlı sistemler giderek önemini kaybetmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde sadece 2,5 metrenin altındaki `dar* araçlarda tek başına kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise incelenen araçların verilerinin aritmetik ortalamasından yola çıkılarak optimum tasarım özelliklerine sahip `teorik` bir aracın tasanm özelikleri belirlenmiştir. İncelenen araçlar bu optimum verilerle karşılaştırıldığında araçların hiçbiri bu optimum kriterlere sahip değildir. Bu optimum değerine en yakın araçlar ise özelliklerin %43'üne sahiptirler. Diğer taraftan böyle `optimum` bir aracın tasarlanıp tasarlanamayacağı ise başka bir çalışmanın konusu olacaktır.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE INTERIORS SUMMARY As the metropolitan areas and the population of the cities continue to grow, transportation in the urban areas becomes one of the major problems of urban life. Time spent during urban travel, environmental impacts of motor vehicles by means of noise and chemical impacts are the results of that problem. As a result of these problems urban transportation is becoming more and more important in urban life in all over the world. Different urban transportation systems have been developed and are currently in use. A general classification can be made according to the characteristics of the routes. Systems with static routes, such as metro systems, light rail systems and trolley-bus systems, are being constructed and used increasingly. But due to their lower construction, operating and personnel costs the use of `Light Rail Systems` is increasing rapidly. For these purposes a great variety of Light Rail Vehicles are available in the international market. But there exist radical differences between these vehicles by means of design. These differences become more apparent for the interiors of these vehicles. If we consider the interior of a light rail vehicle as its most important part for the passengers, the cause and the analysis of these differences is an important problem. Therefore, the morphological analysis of the interiors of these vehicles is selected as the problem area of the study. At the beginning of the study the concept of public transportation and general characteristics of urban public transportation systems and the vehicles operating in these is briefly explained. A general definition of a light rail system and its vehicles has been studied. General differences between heavy sub-urban railways, metro systems and light rail systems have been explained in order to identify the design principles and the scenarios of these vehicles. On the other hand there exist a terminological confusion in the process of identification of light rail vehicle concept. Sometimes these vehicles are called `light mil vehicle` and sometimes they are called `tramway`. In order to achieve a terminological definition, a general definition of a tramway has been done. In addition, a chronological analysis of the development of tramways has been studied. As a conclusion we can say that contemporary light rail vehicles are the `grand-sons` of classic tramways. In order to analyze the interior designs of light rail vehicles, vehicles are decomposed to element groups. These groups are `electro-mechanic system and structure`, `tools used by users or passengers` and `space boundary elements`. Tools used by users or passers'' are sub-elements which are commonly used by passengers, such as passenger seats, holding bars, holding tools, emergency systems, applications for handicapped passengers and such passengers, graphics, lighting system and cooling-heating system. `Space boundary elements` are sub- elements, which form the boundaries of the interiors, therefore define the interior in 3 dimensions such as passenger doors, driver cockpit-passenger cabin door, windows, vehicle gang-ways, interior surface materials and space dividing panels. The electro-mechanic system and structure is also analyzed in order to explain their effects over the interior of these vehicles.A general classification has been made to identify an existing vehicle or future planned vehicles. That classification is also necessary to establish a terminology or a contribution to an existing terminology. A morphological classification can be made based on numerous criteria such as seat material, seat arrangement, window color etc... But four criteria, which commonly affect the general design and the performance of interiors, have been selected. These criteria are `floor type`, `vehicle side symmetry`, `number of driver cockpits` and `seat arrangement type`. Six principle seat arrangement types have been identified. But during the analysis of various vehicles, an observation that a combination of these principle systems is been used has been made. Therefore the seat system of each vehicle has analyzed and the combinations have been coded. The marginally used seat arrangements have been ignored. Only dominant seats and their arrangements have been coded. In the research part of the study, light rail vehicles which have contemporary design and technologies, have been selected and brochures or catalogues of these vehicles have been requested from their manufacturing companies. A table has been formed using 38 criteria of these 37 vehicles that base on the data in the brochures or catalogues. These 38 criteria is grouped in sub-categories such as `morphological characteristics`, Interior characteristics`, `technical characteristics` and `environmental data`. Morphological characteristics are criteria which have effects on the interior design such as number of modules, number of principle modules, vehicle length, vehicle width, vehicle height etc... Interior characteristics are principle interior characteristics such as number of seats, standing passenger capacity, total passenger capacity, number of doors per side, minimum entrance height etc... technical characteristics are criteria like structure type, number of bogies etc.... Arithmetic average of most of these data have been calculated in order to achieve to the design data of a theoretical `optimum vehicle`. These data show absolute values of characteristics of the vehicles. In order to identify the general performance of these vehicles some ratios, such as AK, TA, TK, YK and UK have been calculated. As two different international standards for standing passenger capacity, 4 passengers/m2 and 6 passengers/m2, two ratios such as AK 1 and AK 2 have been calculated for each vehicle. In the second step of the research frequency distribution graphics have been prepared to group vehicles based on their individual data. A table that based on the data of theoretical `optimum vehicle` has been formed and each vehicle has been analyzed to find out how it responds to the criteria. An optimum light rail vehicle must have a total passenger capacity of 188 persons which consists of 68 seating passengers and 120 standing passengers (4 passengers/m2). The vehicle should consist of 3-4 modules with a (2+2) seat arrangement and 3-4 doors per side. Vehicles, which are near the optimum passenger capacity generally, have (2+2) seat arrangement in general with some space to standing passengers. That space is usually created by placing some marginal (2+1), (1+1) seat systems or folding seats. The total passenger capacity is greatly affected by vehicle width. In vehicles using (1+1) seating system passenger capacity increases. Vehicles, which have optimum passenger capacity, both seating and standing, are generally symmetrical, have 2-driver cockpit and consists of 3modules. Vehicles, which operate in historical urban areas where streets are narrow are below 2,5 meter width and a low passenger capacity. These vehicles generally use (1+1) seating system. On the other hand if we consider a vehicle with an optimum design, which will operate during rush hours, the ratio of the number of standing passengers (6 passengers/m2) to ite seating passengers is 2,7. That means such a vehicle must transport 270 standing passengers and 100 seating passengers. This theoretical vehicle has (2+1) seat arrangement, symmetrical design with 2 driver cockpits and a high floor body. An asymmetrical design will increase the length or reduce the number of driver cockpits. A lower floor vehicle too will need a longer body and single driver cockpit. Such vehicle requires a door per 52 passengers per side for an optimum interior circulation. The analysis of these vehicles shows that there is a tendency to design vehicles built for special purposes to be used in urban areas. There exist some different examples of light rail vehicles, such as vehicles operating in Switzerland between mountain villages. Light rail vehicles can differentiate according to long distance- short distance or express travel-local travel concepts in the future or product differentiations based different passengers, such bicycle riders can be considered as the start point of new vehicle concepts.