Bankacılık sektöründe kaynak maliyeti ve kredi fiyatlamasına etkileri

Abstract

Bankaciligm temel fonksiyonlan kaynaklara aracihk etmek, kaynaklann kullammini gelistirme, atil ve kisa vadeli birikimleri verimli yatinma donustiirme, banka parasi olusturmaktir. Ticaret bankalan aynca Merkez Bankasimn para politikalannin etkinligini artirma ve globally Turkiye'de ticaretin gelismesine katkidabulunurlar.Ticari sirketler öncelikle ozvarliklanni kullanarak faaliyet gosterirler. Fakat firmalar kaynak yetersizligi durumlannda banka kredilerini kullanarak banka ile isbirligine giderler. Ancak sermaye sirketleri icerisinde Anonim §irketi seklinde kurulan bankalar diger isletmelerden farkh olarak yabanci kaynaklan daha yogun olarak tercih ederler.1980'lerden sonra bankacihk sektoriinde rekabetin yogunlasmasi temin edilen kaynaklann maliyetlerinin onemini artirmi§tir. Bankalar pazarlama agirhkh fonksiyonlanni geli§tirmek zorunda kalmi§lardir. Yakla§ik 20 yildan bu yana Turkiye'de enflasyon oramnin ilk kez du§me egilimi gosterdigi 2000 yih ba§lannda bankalar ilk kez du§uk faiz oranlanndan uzun vadeli plasmanlara yatinm yapmaya ba§lami§lardir. Bunun yam sira profesyonelle§me cali§malannda kredi yonetimi en buyuk payim almi§tir.Piyasada en buyuk kar payina sahip olabilmek i5in yabanci kaynaklann en du§uk maliyetle temin edilmesi, yuksek getiri saglayacak §ekilde plase edilmesi kredi yonetiminin ozunu te§kil eder. Bankalarda kredilendirme teknikleri geli§tirilerek ger5ege en yakin kredi fiyatim bulunmasi ama9lanmi§tir.Banka ozkaynaklanmn ve yabanci kaynaklann temin edilmesinin yam sira maliyeti etkileyen makro ekonomik ko§ullar ve yasal duzenlemeler her zaman maliyeti artirmaktadir. Giderler iferisinde faiz gideri kismen banka kontrolunde kalmaktadir, ancak yasal düzenlemelerde giderlerin kisilmasi mumkun degildir.Bankalar aktif ürünlerinin fiyatlandirmasim dogru yapabilmesi i5in fonlama ilkelerinin dogru belirlenmesi ve kaynak maliyetinin iyi hesaplanmasi gerekmektedir. Bankalann kredi maliyetini etkileyen faktorler; ozsermaye likidite maliyetleri, kredi riski maliyetleri, birim maliyetler, genel maliyetler ve sabit degi§ken maliyetlerden olu§maktadir. Bunlan goz onunde bulundurarak kredi maliyetlerin hesaplama yontemleri geli§tirilmi§tir. Bunlar ba§hca Ortalama Maliyet Yontemi ve Marjinal Maliyet Yöntemidir. Ancak gerçekçi kredi maliyetini belirledikten sonra kredi fiyatlandirmasina gidilebilir.Bu çerçevede kredileri en isabetli §ekilde fiyatlandirmak bankamn rekabet gucunu artinr. Ger5ek5i olarak yapilmami§ bir kredi fiyatlandirmasi banka kaynaklannin verimliligini du§urerek piyasada tutunmasim zorla§tirmaktadir.

The main functions of the banking which is gradually spreading and developing in our country are intermediating for sources, developing the usage of sources, turning the idle and short-term accumulations into productive investments, forming bank funds, increasing the efficiency of the money policies of the Central Bank, and assisting the development of trade in the globalizing Turkey.Commercial companies are preferring to perform activity by using their own equities. The companies are resorting to cooperation with banks by preferring bank loans in the cases of insufficient equity capitals. However, unsimilar to other businesses, the banks which are incorporated as Joint Stock Company among equity companies prefer foreign resources more frequently.The concentration of competition environment in the banking sector after the 1980s has increased the importance of the costs of the acquired sources. The banks have had to improve their marketing-focused functions. In the early times of the year 2000, when the inflation rate showed a tendency to decrease for the first time in Turkey since 20 years approximately, the banks began making investments to long-term placements out of low interest rates for the first time. Besides, loan management received the largest share in professionalization works.The acquisition of foreign sources with the lowest cost in a manner which provides the highest return for possessing the largest profit share in the market forms the essence of loan management. Through the development of loan availability techniques in banks, ascertaining the most realistic loan price is aimed.In addition to the acquisition of bank equities and foreign sources, macro-economic conditions and legal regulations which affect the costs always increase the costs. Among the expenditures, interest expenditures remain partially within bankcontrol; however, the cutting down of expenditures from legal regulations is not possible.For the banks to be able to correctly price their active products, it is required that the funding principles are correctly set, and the source cost is successfully calculated. The factors affecting the loan cost of banks are the equity liquidity costs, loan risk costs, unit costs, general costs, and fixed variable costs. Methods of calculating loan costs with taking these into consideration have been developed. The prominent ones are the Average Cost Method, and the Marginal Cost Method. Loan pricing can only be initiated after the realistic loan cost is determined.Within this framework, the accomplishment of loan pricing in the most correct way increases the competition power of the bank. An unrealistic loan pricing decreases the efficiency of bank sources and makes it difficult to stay within the market.