Uluslararası inşaat projelerinde yapı bilgi modellemesi ile ihale süreçlerinin yönetimi üzerine bir inceleme

Abstract

Gelişen teknoloji, rekabet seviyesinin artması ve yeni ihtiyaçların ortaya çıkması ile inşaat sektörü son yıllarda hızlı bir değişim ve gelişim süreci içerisine girmiştir. Yeni teknolojik gelişmeler beraberinde yeni uygulamalar, yeni sistemler, yeni yazılımlarla birlikte, 2 boyutlu çizimler ve dokümanlara odaklı klasik yönetim anlayışının yerine, görselliğe dayalı, ortak çalışılabilir, eş zamanlı, süreçlerin birbirlerine entegre olduğu bütüncül yönetim anlayışını getirmiştir. Firmalar bu karmaşık ve rekabet seviyesinin yüksek olduğu piyasada varlığını korumak, yeni projeler almak ve karlılığını korumak için bu yeni yönetim süreçlerini ihale hazırlık ve katılım süreçlerine adapte etmek durumundadırlar.Bilgisayar destekli çizim (CAD) fikrinin ortaya çıkmasından itibaren hızlı bir ivmeyle gelişen ve inşaat sektörünün en çok tercih edilen tasarım ve yönetim sistemlerinden birisi de yapı bilgi modellemesidir. Teknolojinin gelişimi ile birlikte daha yaygın kullanılmaya başlanan yapı bilgi modellemesi (BIM); yapının planlama ve tasarım evrelerini, yapım süreçlerini, yapım sonrası işletme ve bakım süreçlerini de içine alan bir yönetim sistemidir.Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, ilk olarak literatür incelemesinde ihale ve yapı bilgi modellemesi kavramlarının gelişim süreçleri, özellikleri ve türleri üzerine bir araştırma yapılmış; sonrasında bu iki ayrı kavramın birbirleriyle ilişkileri irdelenerek örnek vaka incelemesi için bir çalışma temeli oluşturulmuştur.Örnek vaka incelemesi; Hindistan'ın güneyinde bulunan Bangalore kentinde bulunan uluslararası havaalanı projesinin genişletilmesi kapsamındaki yeni terminal binasının yapım ihalesi sürecinde istekli (yüklenici) firmanın yapı bilgi modellemesi temelinde gerçekleştirdiği hazırlık çalışması üzerinedir. Bu incelemede ihale süreci boyunca alt süreçler belirlenmiş, bu alt süreçlerde BIM'in ne amaçla ve nasıl kullanıldığı irdelenmiş, süreçler üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiş ve bulgular paylaşılmıştır. Ayrıca ihalenin muhtelif süreçlerinde yer alan yetkililerle mülakatlar yapılarak daha geniş bir perspektiften incelenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.Tezin son bölümünde ise BIM ve ihale süreçlerinin entegrasyonuna ait değerlendirmelere ve sonuçlara yer verilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre BIM kullanımının proje tasarım ve yapım evrelerinin yanında ihale süreçlerinde de kullanılmasıyla hem idareler hem de özel firmalar açısından etkin, sürdürülebilir ve gerçekçi verilere dayalı bir süreç yönetiminde önemli faydalar sağlayabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

With the developing technology, increasing competition level and the emergence of new needs, the construction sector has entered into a rapid change and development process in recent years. New technological developments brought new applications, new systems and new softwares. However, instead of the conventional management approach that focused on 2-D drawings and documents, it brought the whole management approach based on visuality, co-operative, concurrent and integrated processes. Companies need to adapt these management processes to tender preparation process in order to have new projects and increase their profitability in this complex and highly competative market.Risks and uncertainties related to the project should be identified and measures should be taken to achieve successful tender management and realistic pricing. Thus, a competitive price is created and the additional costs and time losses that may occur during the construction of the project are avoided. Building information modeling is an important management system in identifying these risks and creating realistic prices.Building information modeling is one of the most preferred design and management systems of the construction sector since the emergence of computer aided drawing concept. With the development of technology, building information modeling has been widely used. BIM is a management system that includes the planning and design phases of the building, construction processes, post-operation operation and maintenance processes.BIM provides insight into project design, construction and subsequent processes and plays an important role in reducing project risks. BIM is an information system that can be used at every stage of the structure's life cycle. When used correctly and purposefully, it saves budget, time and resources. It establishes an integrated and effective working environment throughout the life cycle of the building (Bayraktar Sarı, 2018). BIM, which has the infrastructure to answer the questions in all design processes, also adapts to the successive characteristics of the project phases. In order for the construction and design phases to be integrated into the BIM fiction and to successfully manage the project, these processes, objectives, characteristics, objectives and descriptions must be determined and added to the contract.Yapım aşaması, yapım ekibinin ve diğer paydaşların tasarım ekibiyle koordine bir biçimde çalıştıkları aşamadır. Bu aşamadaki temel hedef, yapım sürecindeki etkinlik ve verimliliği BIM kullanımıyla birlikte artırmaktır. Yapım sürecinde BIM kullanılması birçok ekonomik avantaj sağlar, üretim, planlama, tedarik, satınalma gibi alt süreçlerin yönetilebilmesini sağlar. BIM ve zaman planlaması entegre edilerek model iş programına bağlanabilmektedir. Bu sayede inşaat aşamaları önceden görülüp analiz edilebilir, yapım aşamaları hesaplanabilir olası çakışan imalatlar ve sorunlar tespit edilebilmektedir. Böylelikle ek maliyetler azaltılıp zamandan kar edilebilmektedir. Zaman planlamasıyla mobilizasyon, malzeme teslim süreçleri önceden hesaplanabilir böylelikle gereksiz depolama ve malzemenin beklemeden dolayı görebileceği etkilerden korunma şansı olur. Sonuç olarak yapım evresinde BIM kullanımı optimum zaman ve bütçeyle işin tamamlanmasında yardımcı olur.BIM stores all the information in the design and construction phases, updates itself up to the post-construction phase as it has a lively and dynamic structure and provides all the necessary information for management to the business managers, thus making plant management more efficient. The operating period is the most costly and long-term. BIM use has the potential to create value when the main objective is to ensure sustainability and reduce costs. Using BIM, information on the components of the structure such as maintenance, repair, warranty, replacement, renewal and usage procedures can be obtained.The tender phase is the key point of the project. The decisions and choices to be made at this stage affect the whole life cycle of the project. The use of BIM systems from the design process has many benefits. It is possible to make a visual design according to the planned budget and the desired criteria. A preliminary design and cost estimate can be created without allocating large budgets. With easy response to changes, design and cost revisions can be easily processed and new alternatives can be produced without additional costs. The analysis of the structure and the use of the model is achieved not only in the design stage but also in subsequent processes, thus ensuring sustainable management. The creation of a visual model in the design process increases diversity. Thus, it paves the way for selecting the most suitable alternative for the purpose of the project. The production team and other stakeholders can obtain information about the production items of the work during the design phase and decide on the constructability. In this way, they can prepare programs about mobilization and construction plans. Through the use of BIM at the tender stage, bidders can conduct detailed analyzes, create revisions and optimizations that can be performed quickly and are responsive, thus providing more advanced, realistic and sustainable solutions. These studies can be better understood and decided by visualization and modeling opportunities. Adding the information about the building elements to the model accurately and in detail in the created model makes it easier to produce quantities and quantities quickly and accurately. Thus, the obtained data can be combined with the cost data to ensure accurate pricing and budget analysis for the tender and the bid pricing process can be managed effectively within the scope of this thesis, firstly, a research has been done on the development processes, characteristics and types of the concepts of tender and building information modeling in literature review. Afterwards, the relationship between these two separate concepts is examined and a working basis has been established for case study.In the first part of this thesis, how the problem emerges and the method and aims of the study to be carried out within the scope of the thesis were given.In the second part of this thesis, a literature search related to the tenders and tender management was conducted. Research has been carried out on the types of tenders, tender strategies, tender management, pricing processes and management.In the third part of this thesis, literature research related to the concept and processes of building information modeling was conducted.In the fourth part of the thesis, a literature research on the relationship between the concepts of tendering and bim was conducted.In the part of case study; The tender for the construction of the new terminal building within the scope of the expansion of the international airport project in the city of Bangalore in southern India. The tender was selected for the case study since the contractor will manage all the processes including the tender processes by using Building Information Modeling, being a project attended by international contractors and having the qualifications to answer the questions sought by the thesis study. The aim of this case is to examine the management of tender processes by using building information modeling. In this review, sub-processes were identified during the tender process, the purpose of this sub-process was discussed, the effects of BIM on these processes were analyzed, and the findings were shared.In the last part of the thesis, the evaluations and results of the integration of BIM and tender processes are included. According to these results, it has been determined that the use of BIM in project design and construction phases as well as in procurement processes can provide significant benefits in terms of effective, sustainable and realistic data management for both administrations and firms.It is thought that the research carried out within the scope of the thesis will be especially beneficial for the researchers, professionals and companies. They will be able to benefit from this thesis research on how to follow and approach in a bim integrated construction tender that they may face in the future. It will also be a useful resource for e-procurement and BIM integration which will become more widespread with developing technology.