Osmanlı`dan Cumhuriyet`e askere alma sistemi (1826-1970)

Abstract

OsmanlDevleti'nin yönetiminde zamanla ortaya çkan zaaflar, savalardaalnan yenilgiler, dier ülkelerdeki askerlik sistemi ve teknolojisindeki gelimelerDevlet erkânnyeni tedbirler almaya itmitir. Bu maksatla yaplan tümslah çabalarnaramen bir türlü eski etkinliine kavuturulamayan, yenilik ve gelimelerin önündeki enbüyük engel haline gelen Yeniçeri Oca'nn kaldrlmasbir zorunluluk halinegelmitir. Yeniçeri Oca'nn kaldrlmasyla da Türk toplumu açsndan yeni bir askerealma uygulamasbalamtr. Ancak, OsmanlDevleti'nin yaps, ekonomik durumu vevatandalarnn sahip olduklarözellikler ile Yeniçeri Oca'nn kaldrlndan hemensonra balayan savalar, askere alma uygulamalarnn yazlkurallar haline getirilmesinigeciktirmitir.Tanzimat Fermanile ilân edilen ilkeler yeni dönemdeki askere alma kurallarnnbelirlenmesindeki esas faktörü oluturmutur. +lk olarak 1846 tarihli Kur'a Kanunu ileyazlkurallar haline getirilen askere alma ilemleri, gayrimüslim unsurlarn tutumlar,yaplan düzenlemelerdeki istisnai durumlarn fazlalve uygulamalardan doannoksanlklar nedeniyle amacna ulaamamtr. Bir önceki düzenlemenin aksayanhususlarngidermekten öteye geçemeyen 1870 ve 1886 tarihli Kanunlarla, 1908 tarihlidüzenlemeler de bu hedefi gerçekletirmekte yeterli olamamlardr. Aynamaçdorultusunda, savalardan ve yaplan uygulamalardan elde edilen tecrübelerndayeni bir anlayla ele alnan, ancak ihtiyaç duyulan konularda sk sk yeni düzenlemeleryaplmasngerektiren 1914 tarihli Kanun, I. Dünya Savaöncesinde muvakkat olmakkaydyla çkarlm, Millî Mücadele dönemi ile Cumhuriyet'in ilk yllarnda dauygulanmtr.1914 tarihli Kanun'un birçok deiiklie uramas, uygulanmasndaki zorluklar,yetersizlikler ve askere alma uygulamalarnda meydan gelen gelimeler sonucunda,1914 tarihli Kanunla yaplan düzenlemelerden büyük oranda etkilenen 1927 tarihliAskerlik Kanunu kabul edilerek yürürlüe konmutur. Türk toplum hayatnda, yazlkurallar haline getirildikten sonra, en uzun süreli yürürlükte kalma özelliine sahip olan1927 tarihli Askerlik Kanunu, balangçta teferruatlve her durumu karlayacak ekildeIIdüzenlenmitir. Ancak, zaman içerisinde ortaya çkan; beklenmeyen durumlar,karlalan yeni olaylar, devletin ve bireylerin ihtiyaçlar, dier alanlardaki kanunîgelimeler ile tehdit ortamlarnda eksik kalan yönler, sk sk kanun deiiklii yaplmaksuretiyle giderilmeye çallmtr. Özellikle, tehdit ortamnda ve sosyal yaantdameydana gelen deiiklikler çkartlan kanun deiikliklerinin nedenlerinioluturmutur.1927 ilâ 1970 yllararasnda, dorudan Askerlik Kanunu'nda deiiklik yapan40 yeni kanun çkartlmtr. Yaplan düzenlemelerin bir ksmnn ilâve hükümlergetirdii, bir ksmnn mevcut uygulamalarn eklini deitirdii, bir ksmnn da artkuygulanmasna gerek kalmayan hükümleri iptal ederek eski duruma dönülmesinisaladgörülmütür. Dolaysyla, yasal zorunluluklar dnda, askerlik hizmeti gibiTürk toplumunda son derece önemli olan bir konuyu düzenleyen kurallarn; ülkeningelimilii, gelimeye elverililii, siyasî, ekonomik, askerî ve sosyal faktörlerdekideiimlerin etkileri ile dier ülkelerde meydana gelen gelimelerin de dikkate alnarakgenel hususlariçerecek ekilde düzenlemeye gidilmesinin daha mantklolacasonucuna varlmtr. Ayrca, 1914 tarihli Kanun'dan büyük oranda etkilenen 1927tarihli Askerlik Kanunu'ndaki düzenlemelerin; geçen süre zarfnda edinilen tecrübeler,uygulamalardan elde edilen sonuçlar, teknolojik ve modern gelimeler ile ülkenin vetoplumun içinde bulunduu durum ve ihtiyaca cevap verecek ekilde yeniden elealnmasnn askere alma uygulamalarndaha etkin yapacadüünülmektedir.

The lack of power and defeats suffered in wars during the Ottoman reign, as wellas the military service systems and technological developments in other countries haveall compelled the Government officials to take some new measures. Hence, abolishmentof the Janissary corps that was unable to regain their previous effectiveness in any waydespite all the amelioration efforts put forth has become inevitable since they were themost prominent obstacles averting the relevant reforms and developments. Withabolishment of the Janissary corps, a new conscription method has started to bepracticed for the Turkish people. However, the structure, economical status of theOttoman Empire and peculiarities of the citizens in addition to the wars broke outimmediately after abolishment of the Janissary corps have delayed regulation ofconscription in black and white.The principles announced with the Ottoman Reformation Decree have been thebasic factor in designation of conscription rules in the new era. Conscriptionproceedings, which were first regulated in writing with the Law of Drew Lots in 1864has not served its purpose due to the attitudes of non-Muslim elements, superfluity ofexceptional cases in the arrangements regulated and the shortcomings arising fromapplications. The Laws dated 1870 and 1886 which were no more than eradicating thedefective matters covered in the previous regulation, as well as the one dated 1908, havenot been sufficient to achieve the goal, either. In line with the same goal, the Law dated1914, which was handled on a new understanding in the light of experiences gatheredfrom wars and the applications conducted and yet necessitating more frequentarrangements when required, has been enacted during the Independence War era and inthe first years of Republic.In consequence of many amendments made to the Law dated 1914, difficultiesfaced in its application and developments occurred in putting the conscription law intopractice, the Military Service Law dated 1927, which was influenced to a great extentby the regulations enacted with the Law dated 1914, has been brought into force. TheLaw of Military Service dated 1927, which is the law that has remained in effect for theIVlongest period in Turkish social life, was initially prepared in detail to cover anysituation possible. However, the unexpected situations that were met during the courseof time, the needs of the individuals and the state, legal developments in other areas oflife and the parts omitted in cases of threat were amended through successive changes inlaws. Especially, cases of threat and changes in social life formed the basis of thechanges made in the laws.40 new laws amending the Law of Military Service have been enacted from1927 to 1970. It has been observed that some of the mentioned amendments introducedfurther clauses; some changed the existent applications, while some annulled the clausesthat were no longer needed. Hence, it has been concluded that, except legal exigencies,it would be more suitable to revise the regulations on military service which isconsidered as an essential part of Turkish social life considering current state ofdevelopment of the country, its potential for development, the effects of the change inpolitical, economic, military and social factors and the developments in other countries.Moreover, we conclude that the clauses put forward in the law dated 1927, which waslargely effected by the law dated 1914, shall be revised in view of the experiencegained, the consequences obtained as a result of the applications, technological andmodern developments, and the situation and needs of the country in order to makerecruitment applications more efficient.