George Orwell`de toplum eleştirisi

Abstract

SUMMARY The author, under discussion whose real name is. Arthur Eric: Blair, was born in Bengal at the beginning of the 20th century and died on the 21st of January, 1950» The first name is the name of Saint Seorge, the second is the name of the river Orwell in England, According to George Orwell, he grew up in a lower-upper-middle class family» He studied in an authoritarian public school named St, Cyprian's. `Such. Such Were the Joys` written in 1946 comes out of Orwell's experi ences in this small society full of bullying., snobbery, humi liation, squalidity, corruption of language and failure of communication, This essay displays Orwell's childhood in his schoo 1 years. He attended Eton but he left it before graduating, and worked as a policeman in the Indian Imperial Police Force in Burma between 19SS and İ9E7, where he recognised that he was serving on the side of imperialism and the oppressors» Burme se Days (1934) and `Shooting an Elephant` (1936) are the works of Orwell's experiences in; Burma, which was then being exploited by the English» Orwsil explained why he wrote this naturalistic novel thus; `The landscapes of Burma, which, when I wes among them, so appalled me as to assume the quali ties of nightmare, afterwards stayed so hauntingly in my mind that I was obliged to write a novel about them to get rid of them.` (p.S9, q.31)Me wrote about his hatred of imperialism, the frustra tion and humiliation of man, the intrigues which man mada to o t h q r., b e t h e y w h i t e or fal a c k, a 1 s o t h e i n t r i ç u e s b r o u g h t about passion for money and title which led to the corruption of language and communication. Orwell also wrote about cowardliness, conciencelessnsss national ism and the i m p o r t a n c e o f w o r k i n g by t h i n k i n g, < p. 3 3 - A- ) After returning from Burma to England, Orwell went to Paris and then came back to London» Down and Out in Paris and London and A Clergyman's Daugther are about what Orwell saw and lived through in those cities. The former is about just poverty which is one of the main obstacles `keeping humanity- human` < p. 1, q.l)` Orwell felt charged to experience poverty s `I had got to expiate.... I wanted to submerge myself to gat right down among the oppressed,, to be one of them and on their side against the tyrants. And chiefly because I had to think out everything in solitude, I had carried my hatred of oppression to extraordinary lengths <p.34, q»32>« In London, Orwell worked in a book-shop and taught in puplic schools and also to private students. He became a tramp, a dishwasher and a hop-picker. A Clergyman's Daugther is the result of these experiences. The book which explains the bad sides of a. society takes us to the poverty, bad education, orthodoxy and futility of rebelling against society. We see the terrible results of the failure of communication in this book. Orwell tries to present pantheism, masochism and solipsism in A Clergyman's Daugther which he did not like after it wasM-ÖM- published j and he himself bought up and destroyed all the copies he could find, because he felt it mis-port raved his Keep the Aspidistra Flying also comes from Orwell's experiences in London» The book gives us the results of an individual's reaction against society and its values as well as the corruption of language, especially in advertising and the power of the Honey-God» (p»4E> In these three novels written in the nineteen-thirt- ies we see how the individual acts against society which le ads Orwell's social criticism. In later works, Animal Farm and İ984, wa see Orwell begin with his social criticism, and trough it the breaking down of the individual., just the oppo site of the former» Orwell mostly criticised society after the Spanish Civil War in 1937» He went to Spain and fought, in the war for his idealism of freedom of man, for `keeping hu manity human,` and for democracy» Thus he learnt where he stood» (Proof on p» E4-5) The first of the latter works, Coming Up For Air is an interaction between the two groups, and its message is that if a person doesn't take `air` in time, he `dies.` That is to say, Orwell warns that we must take precautions against di sasters in the future, otherwise the disasters will overwhelm us. Ha implies that it is not necsssery to be a prophet to foresee the disasters in front of our eyes.I only wanted to get my nsrve back before the bad times begin,, Because does anyone who isn't dead from the neck up doubt that there's a sad time coming' Ws don't even know what it'll be, and yet we know i t '. coming. Perhaps a war, a slump- no knowing., except thai it'll ba something bad. Wherever we're going, we're going downwards., Into the grave, into the cesspool - no knowing ` And you can't face that kind of thing unless you got the right feeling inside you» There's some- thing that's gone out of us in these twenty years sin ce the war....Everlasting din of buses, bombs, radi- o s, tele p h o n e bells. N a r v e s w o r n all t o b its, e m p t y places in our bones where the marrow ought to be.... You. know the feeling I had. Coming up for air. Like the big sea turtles when they come paddling up to the surface, stick their noses out and fill their lungs with a great gulp before they sink down again among at the seaweed and the octopuses, We're all stifling at the bottom of a dustbin. (CUFA, p. 168) After Coming Up For Air, Orwell wrote many essays (p. 51) He started writing Animal Farm in 1943. He said that it was the only one of his books he really sweated over and he fed the subject in his mind for over six years (p`5S, q.40; proof on p. 53). The book takes us to the big innings of revo lutions and displays the happenings after revolutions. In this book, Orwell criticises the community and its individu als for their inertia, their extraordinary loyal i ty and beli eving that what a. leader says is right. Orwell also critici ses the way people 3.re blind to the creation of scapegoats and corruption of the laws and language, and Orwell warns pe ople to be careful 1 at the beginning of revolutions and to be w a r y o f r u. 1 a r s. As for J1984, which is the last one of Orwell's novels; it displays THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OLLIGARCHICAL COLLEC TIVISM and paradoxes like WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY4&ö and IGNORANCE IS STREN6TH, Orwell explicitly points out past, present, future and objective truths» Orwell's social criti cism with the break down of individuals is clear in this no vel» In 1984, besides his social criticism, Orwell warns us about the future and obstacles for `keeping humanity human` as he does in Coming Up For Air and Animal Farm. He explicitly demonstrates how totalitarianism comes» Orwell says this about i 984- s liy recent novel is not intended as an attack on socialism or on British Labour Party <of each I am a supporter) but as a show-up of the perversions to which a. centralised economy is liable and which have already been partly realised in Communism and Fascism» I don't believe that the kind of society I described necessarily will arrive» but I believe (allowing of course for the fact that the book is satire) that so mething resembling it could arrive» I believe also that totalitarian ideas have taken root in the minds of intellectuals everywhere» and I have tried to draw these ideas out to their logical consequences» The scene of the book is laid in Britain in order to emp hasise that the English speaking races arB not inna tely better than anyone else that totalitarianism» if not fought against» could triumph anywhere» (CEJL,IV,5.&4> With 1984, Orwell achieved the climax of his thought» In our research, consequently, we tried to extract a.r,d differentiate all Orwell's warnings from his social critic isms and deliniate the breakdown of individuals in his writ ings, especially in 1984» These warnings are like `pane of glass` in which we tried to reflect with Orwell's own mirror. Wa also tried to make this mirror more transparent and to bring it under the eyes of those who &re nearsighted or un willing to see, sleeping, insensible, or those who say467 `what's that to do with me` and `1st the snake which doesn't bits me be long lived, !I turning the other chesk, rubbing along with 'Big Brothers' and submitting themslvss to then, We explored and exhibited the behaviours and hypocricies of those who want to be a 'Big Brother,' and those who intrigue in the background by acting in a 'motherly' or a 'fatherly' manner Cp»70`7£>, also those who destroy the rights and free doms of man by flattering the 'Eiig Brothers,' and also how thsy make money a god, to take sex, to gamble, to drink, and be only accupied with amusement, sleep and the ambition of obtaining money and how these ideas are displayed and posted in the most important places» In this mirror, Orwell reflects the community to it self, individual to individual. Everybody who looks in this mirror sees hinself, his surroundings, his past, his present and his future» l-Jhen the reader sees these objective truths in the mirror of Orwell's -writings, he suddenly wakes v.p. He remembers the past, thinks of the future a.nd takes strong and corretive precautions for the disasters which may coma later,, He becomes aware of emperialism, destitution, unemployment, technodicta, a d v ertise m e n t, prop a g a n d a, h u m i 1 i a t i o n, lan q u - age, history, laws and communication» He is also aware of ignorance, class difference, snoberry, irresponsibility, drunkenness, the creation of scapegoats, and restriction of his freedoms» The writers and scientists looking in this mirror act4-68 together. They never break communication. Teachers, students and parents know the importance of education. They d o n 3.1 in communication. The tradesmen arid businessmen a lis o know th* i ft. p o r t a n c e of their business f o r t h e i r c o u n t r y. T h e y d en' t make money a god. The rulers know how to rule their country, ar.d the ruled always control the rulers. They always have some scepticism about the rulers in the corners of their cards,. Kf.-.3v-,-7.:>-£* i.!- We hope all individuals in the communities Dener from Orwell's writings and warnings which are like a mirror, creatively to be able to live in peace by having all their rights of freedom. As Orwell's wish was that all these could core into place, so it is also our wish. With emphasis on