18. yüzyıldaki mali uygulamaların Osmanlı taşra yönetimi üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bir araştırma

Abstract

SUMMARY By the second half of the XVI. th century, with the influence of some internal and external factors the `Classical System` of the Ottoman Empire entered into a period of transformation. It has been observed that the transformations that occured in the `Tımar` and `Kapıkulu` organizations which were the basic institutions of the `Classical Age` effected the fiscal and administrative structure of the state. By the mid XVI. th century with the influence of the increase in prices, general economic structure and social order of the society shakened, at the same time as a result of the military and technological developments occured in the western world the need and number of the waged soldiers increased. These developments not only became a heavy burden for central treasury but also forced the government to collect a great amount of tax incomes in the central treasury. This neccessity increased the tendency of including the tax incomes into central treasury, which were previously evaluated within the `tımar` system. This tendency began first with the elimination of low income tımar 's in XVII. th century and expanded with the transformation of the `beylerbeyi` and `sancakbeyi` has's into the `miri mukataa` wich were givea as `malikâne` 204By giving the beylerbeyi and sancakbeyi has's as `bedel-i sancak` `voyvodalık` and `muhasılhk` in the form mukata'a, an imprtant number of small and big tax sources passed into the hands of private persons. The extension of the mentioned practise to the tımar fieslds fastened the elimination of the tımar system and as a result of the provincial army. It's also strengthened the existing decentralization tendencies of the society and helped the local groups to gain power by first obtaining the offices of `mütesellimlik` and `voyvodalık` then obtaining the mukata'a's. The determining trend of the XVIII. th centruy was the attempt of incorporating the revenues which were formerly conferred upon military- administrative officials into the central treasury. Although this attempt lessened the incomes of local officials its also resulted in their efforts to find illegal sources of income for local officials, since the revival of the previous system was impossible the need for new sources became necessary. The `imdâd-i hazeriye ve seferiye` taxes which were invented by the second half of the XVII.th century could be evaluated in this context. The prevaling trend of the era was in fact the elimination of the tımar system. t As a matter of fact, low income timars transformed into `mukata'a` and then sold as `malikâne`, of course beylerbeyi and sancakbeyi has's were also effected from this development. The assignement of `has` to the 205`mutasarrıf 's continued after the invention of the `imdadiye`, but not in practise. The nature and form of most of the assignments of the era changed totally and even some assignments distrubuted to the mukata'a's. On the other hand the charecteristics of the `ehl-i örf' that is the ruling class which represent the administrative authority of the sultan has undergane into important changes. This changes in fact deteriorations could esaily be seen from the titles of the pashas of the period whom some called `Derviş-zâde` and some `seyyid`. 206