Türk dili`nde isim-fiiller

Abstract

SUMMARY In Turkish language, verbs have come out in two ways into the usage of field : 1. As finitive verbs, 2. As accesory verbs. The accesory verbs are defined in three groups. As infinitive verbs, gerunds and adverbal verbs. Infinitive verbs are the verbs which are used as the form of abstract action or professional nouns ( reading, studying, laughing etc. ). In a sentence, infinitive verbs take all the functions which a noun can take, but they don't have the time. Adverbial verbs are the verbs which states movement or action and are used as adverbs in a sentence. ( by reading, studied, without laughing etc. ) As infinitive verbs, adverbial verbs also don't have time, except for some expressions and phrases, they are never wed instead of a noun. And also they don't take declansion of affixes. Gerunds have the functions of a noun which can be formed by adding affixes to the verbs, but originally they carry the function of a verb. Gerunds, in a phrase or in a sentence can take all functions of a noun and can take all affixes which a noun can take. Even some gerunds can be expanded by adding derivational affixes to nouns. ( kedgülüg, iltdeçisizin, aşağılanmışlık, açmazlan- etc. ) Functions of gerunds in a word group and a sentence are like these : In a sentence, the nominative forms of gerunds generally take the functions of a subject. Apart from this, there are some gerunds which are used as objects in the nominative in a sentence. They have been used as the function of an adjective coming before a noun or the determinated part of a possesive construction Nominative forms of gerunds ar not commonly used as the function of adverbs. The usage of gerunds as the function of adverbs by forming a repetition group is common in Western Turkish. Gerunds which take plural endings mostly have the characteristics of an active subject and they have the active subject position of a sentence. Gerunds take the functuons in a sentence with case endings as direct objects and adverb of places. Gerunds which take genitive suffixes are the determinant parts of a genitival construction. Gerunds which are used with possessive suffixes have the meaning of possessiveness and they form the noun parts of possessive groups. Gerunds don't have the meaning of activeness. Gerunds in the form of possessiveness are used as subject in a sentence. The usage of possessive gerunds as the part of object without taking accusative forms is common in the Old Anatolian Turkish period. Apart from this, gerunds have gained the usage of richness in a sentence according to the function of case endings after possessive suffixes. The usage of possessive forms of gerunds as406 adjectives is very common in Turkey Turkish. ( Especially the gerunds which take affixes -duk / -dük, -tuk / -tük, -dik / -dik / -tık / -tik, -acak / -ecek. ) There are a lot of rich examples of usage of gerunds with declination of prepositions in all the period of Turkish. Gerunds are connected to teclinative prepositons as nominative form or taking plural endings, case endings and possessive suffixes. Thus, prepositional groups which forms the noun parts of a gerund form the adverbial parts of the different functions of a sentence. Deverbal noun groups which form the verbal parts of a gerund play a very important role, especially Turkey Turkish, while making a sentence. Permanent nouns which are formed as a result of becoming idiomatic of deverbal affixes have completely lost characteristics of gerunds. They don't carry the meaning of time, action and person. They are not different from the other nouns which are made from derivational affixes : başladacı / başlataçı `chiefs leader, superior, president`, battuk `diver`, dolmuş, kölüngü `vehicle` etc. Gerunds are different from the other noun forms which are made from verbs with derivational affixes. The nouns which are made with derivational affixes are in the position of permanent nouns and they don't carry the meaning of time. ( beginnig, broken, offened, love, hardworking etc. ) In addition to these noun forms have never been made form a negative verb. The affixes that are used to make nouns from verbs are not suitable to add into the passive verbs. On the contrary, deverbal affixes can be added to negative and pasiwe verbs. The statement of time, action and person of gerunds is clear. The gerunds, which have the statement of person, have the characteristics of a subject and they have function of a subject. As a result of action statement, gerunds have been used as the function of an adverb. Most of the deverbal affixes which have the statement of time besides the statement of action have made finitive verbs by changing the position of form affixes and time affixes. In addition to, the gerunds which are used by taking plural endings, case endings, possessive suffixes and conjugative prepositons can take the function of a subject, an object, a place determiner and an adverb in a sentence. In Turkish language, adjectives are kind of words which take place in noun category and the distinction of noun-adjective is a distinction which depends on only using and function not form. Because of this, the usage of the gerunds as the function of adjectives is a result of the words functioning as nouns which function as adjectives to define or show a noun. Gerunds are different from adverbial verbs and infinitive verbs according to their characteristics of usage. Advebial verbs, which are made from by adding adverb affixes to verbs, can only function as an adverb in a sentence and they don't have time statement alone. Adverbial verbs belong to verb category and are never used as nouns ( Some idioms and expressions, especially except for407 forming prepositions. ) and declensional affixes (Except for -pan / -pen > EAT. -uban / -üben, -ubam / -ilbeni, -ubanin / -iibenin forms. ) Infinitive verbs are very close to gerunds in the usage point of view. The most important difference between them is that gerunds have the statement of time where as infinitive verbs don't. ( except for -makta / -mekte which give present continuous tense meaning in Turkey Turkish and Azerbaijan Turkish. ) The usage of infinitive verbs, which are made by adding the suffixes -ma / -me, -ş, -iş / -iş, -uş / -üş as the function of adjectives in simple present tense and present continuous tense has made closer these suffixes to gerunds. But the infinitive verbs which take the suffixes -mak / -mek cannot be used as the function of adjectives. From this point of view, the suffixes -mak / -mek are different from the other affixes of infinitive verbs. Gerunds, which have an important place in Turkish sentence structure, are formed by adding some spacial affixes called deverbal nouns to verbs. Turkish language is a very rich language as regaids gerund affixes and the gerunds which are made with these affixes. The gerund affixes which were used and have still been used are as the following : 1. -acak/-ecek : These suffixes, which have the meaning of future tense, have come into the field of usage dating from Western Turkish.The richest examples of these are in Turkey Turkish. These suffixes are not suitable to be used with declensional particles. The usage of gerunds as the function of adjectives is very common in all fields. In Old Anatolian Turkish, gerunds were mostly used to make compound verbs. The usage of making future tense declension has been spread out in Turkey Turkish. The commonest usage of the ending in possessive from is also during the period of Turkey Turkish. 2. -an / -en < -ğan /-gen, -kan / -ken : These are the general simple present tense deverbal noun affixes which were used and have still been used in all field of Turkish having some formal and functional changes. In Old Turkish, these suffixes in some examples have the meaning of simple past tense. In all fields, they have formed gerunds which have the characteristics of active subject nouns. The usage of field in Old Turkish is not very large. From Middle Turkish, very rich usage of examples have been found out. These suffixes haven't had the position of time suffixes and form suffixes. Gerunds have formed the predicate part of some noun clauses. 3. -ası /-esi < -asu /-esü : The first examples of these suffixes have been seen in Harezm Turkish. But, as the function of deverbal noun suffixes, they have been used Western Turkish for the first time. There have been the richest examples of these suffixes in Old Anatolian Turkish texts. Having the position of time suffixes and form suffixes, they have formed the future tense endings. In Turkey Turkish, these suffixes have been used fewer than the suffixes -acak / -408 ecek. In Turkey Turkish, these suffixes have some special meanings like `course, suitable`. 4. -daçı / -deçi, -tacı / -teçi : These suffixes have been used widely in Old Turkish and Middle Turkish. Habituational and professional nouns are common in Karahanli Turkish. There are a few examples used with the form of ( d ) in Old Anatolian Turkish. These suffixes hadn't been used after Western Turkish and instead of them, the suffixes -acak / -ecek have been used. 5. -duk/-dük, -tuk /-tük, -dik /-dik, -tık /-tik : These are the deverbal noun suffixes which have been used in all periods of Turkish. These suffixes have joint to vowel-consonant harmony at Turkey Turkish. The usage of these suffixes with possessive suffixes in Turkey Turkish is very common. They haven't had the position of time suffixes and form suffixes. Kaşgarlı Mahmud explained that Oğuzlar, some Suvarlar and Kıpçaklar had used the suffixes of simple past tense -di / -di instead of -dufc / -dük without taking care of personal differences. The following example has this peculiarity : men munda turduk. ( DLT, II, 61 - 16 ) ` I stayed here.` 6. -gli / -gli : They have been used from Old Turkish until Kıpçak Turkish. They haven't been used after Kıpçak Turkish. They have left their place to the suffixes of -gan / -gen. They have the simple present tense meaning. They have been used as the predicative nouns which have stated the meaning of `quickness` in the field of Karahanli. 7. -gma/-gme : These are the deverbial noun suffixes which have the meaning of simple present tense. They have not been used after Old Turkish. The suffixes of -ğan / -gen have been used instead of them. 8. -ğu /-gü, -ku /-kü : They have been used from the begining until Western Turkish having some sound changes. They have the meaning of future tense and necessity. These suffixes are suitable to be expanded with declensional affixes from nouns. Having been the haplology of the consonant at the begining of the suffixes -ğuçı / güçi, -kuçı / -küçi and joining these suffixes into the vowel- consonant harmony, the forms of me suffixes -uçı / -üçi > -ucu / -ücü, -ıcı / -ici in Western Turkish have been made. These suffixes have the forms of habitual and professional nouns made from verbs. These suffixes have been used in Old Turkish and Middle Turkish as form and time suffixes which function as future tense and necessity. In Çağatay Turkish, by joining with the auxilary verb `tur- (ur)` being joint or without taking this auxilary verb, these suffixes have formed the future tense endings by taking possessive affixes. 9. -malu /-melü > -malı /-meli : They have been used from Western Turkish to today. They have the meaning of necessity and future tense. These suffixes have lost the function of gerund in Turkey Turkish. They have only been used to form necessitative mood.409 10. -maz/-mez > -mas/-mes : They have been used in all periods of Turkish. They have the negative meaning of simple present tense. The expanded forms of these suffixes have been used widely in Western Turkish with the affixes of making nouns from nouns and making verbs from nouns. Because of having a negative meaning, these suffixes have always been used with positive verbs. They have had the position of form and time suffixes in the negative simple present tense endings. 11. -nuş/-miş, -muş/-müş : These are the general simple past tense deverbal noun suffixes of Turkish. They have rarely been used in the meaning of simple present tense in Old Turkish and Karahanli Turkish. They have always had the meaning of simple past tense from Middle Turkish. They have had the position of form and time suffixes in the past infinitive endings. 12. -r, -ar/-er, -ur/-ür : They have the positive simple present tense meaning. They have been used in all periods of Turkish. These suffixes, in Old Anatolian Turkish, have the forms expanded with suffixes making verbs from nouns. ( bilurlen- etc. ) They have had the position of time and form suffixes in the positive simple present endings. 13. -sığ/sig, -suğ/süg (or with k/k) : They have been used as the function of deverbal noun suffixes in Old Turkish. In one of the examples in Orhun monuments, these suffixes have formed the future tense endings as form and time suffixes. These suffixes have been used as the function of deverbal noun suffixes in Karahanli Turkish, and directly had the function of suffixes making nouns from verbs. 14. -yuk / -yük : They haven't been used after Old Turkish. They have the meaning of simple past tense. They have formed the simple past tense endings as form and time suffixes. Apart from the suffixes we have mentioned above, the suffixes -di / -di in Karahanli Turkish have made the forms which are the adjectives of objective nouns having the continousness of the action. These examples have looked like gerunds as the form and function. But, the usage of adjectives like this, hasn't been in the other fields of Turkish. These suffixes, in other fields, have the position of suffix making nouns from verbs. The nouns like `ögdi, yaktu, kuruntu` which have been used in all periods of Turkish have widely been used. These nouns have come into as a result of trying to explain some of the adjectival constructions as abstract or concrete objective nouns. Gerunds, which are formed by the suffixes whose functions we have mentioned shortly, have important roles in Turkish sentence structure. While we are analysing Turkish sentences, we often meet gerund forms which have rich functions as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. So it is very important to know the functions of gerunds completely to analyse the Turkish sentenece correctly.