15-18. yüzyıllarda Türk tezhib sanatında ekol olmuş sanatçıların karşılaştırılması (2 cilt)

Abstract

Dünya uygar^k tarihinde tezyini sanatlar bakımından en olgun ve seçkin bir seviyeye ulaşmış ulusların başında Türkler gelmektedir. Türkler, Orta Asya'dan başlayarak sürdüregeldikleri kültürlerini Anadolu'da da yüzyıllar boyunca çok başarılı bir şekilde yürütmüşlerdir. Türk tezyini sanatları halı, çini, ahşap oymacılığı, taş işçiliği, kumaş işçiliği ve kitap süslemeleri gibi çok değişik sanat türleri içinde parlak bir geçmişe sahiptir. Türkler kendilerine has tezyini motifler yarattıkları gibi, başka ulusların kullandıkları motifleri de rahatlıkla alıp kullanmış, kendi zevklerine uygun gelecek şekilde değiştirerek türkleştirmişlerdir. Tam anlamıyla Türklere özgü ve orjinal bir Türk tezyinatından söz etmek yanıltıcı olmayacaktır. Islamiyetten önce Türklerde tezyini sanatlar gelenek halinde devam etmiş olup, islâmiyetten sonra gelişerek yayılmıştır. Orta asyadan gelişen Türk motifleri hayvan ve bitki stilizasyonu sonucu elde edilen kompozisyonlar, Türklerin islamlığı kabulünden sonra Hindistan'dan Fas'a kadar bütün islâm dünyasında benimsenmiş evrensel bir üslûp olarak benimsenmiştir. Orta Asya kültürü Budizm, Maniheizm, Hristiyanlık, İran'ın Zerdüşt dini, Samanlık, Putperestlik gibi çok değişik inançlardan kaynaklamrken, Uzakdoğu'da Çin'de konfüçyüs, Taoizm ve Budizm, Japonya'da Şintoizm ve Budizm ve Hint'de Hindu ve Budizm gibi çok farklı inançlara dayanan bir düşünce sistemi doğmuştur. Ancak hiç bir uygarlık sadece bir tek sebebe bağlanarak açıklanamaz. Hepsinin heterojen bir niteliğe sahip olduğu görülür. Savaşlar, istilâlar, ticari ve kültürel olaylar sonucu bir başka kültürden etkilenmek kaçınılmaz olur. Bu yüzden islâmlığın hakim olduğu memleketlerde islâm dininin yarattığı kendine has kültürel ortama rağmen eski ve yeni bütün elemanları ile yepyeni bir sentez yaratılmıştır. Uzakdoğu ile islâm sanatı bazı dönemlerde farklı özelliklere sahip - iii -Turks brought the art of illumination from Mid-Asia but it began to develop after the acception of Isam. Ali, the Prophet, was the first person who got illuminated the Quran. And his fellowers accepted this as a religious responsibility and continued in the same way. The book illumination has an important place among the other branches. This comes from the importance of book generally. Especially the importance and the care of religious books was because of the eternity of words of God: The Turkish Illuminative Art reached it's top point at 16 th. century. Tabrizian Şahkulu and his student Karamemi became the head of palace studio and by the schools they created, they reflect the century. The Style `Saz Yolu` developed by Şahkulu consist the designs of long and spiky large leaves, angels and the legendery Dragon, the mythical bird simurg, lion, the scenes of fighting are made, with a great care and countoured with black ink. Şahkulu created a feeling of jungle in this scenes with the designs of `hatayi, penç and saz yolu leaves`. At the second half of 16 th. century, the naturalistic style initiated by Karamemi was developed.Composition of large flowers, leaves and hatayies applied in gold and pastel tones such as pink, blue. He uses the spring flowers in all his workes. This is considered as his sign in his works. His illuminations show a balance of gold and indigo blue in great compositions. And his students continued his style as a great school. In may thesis, the second important period is the begining of 18 th. century when the influence of western art has seen Although, there were marvellous works, we observe some very bad workers and works. The semi-stylized flowers are re-stylized as entirely naturalistic by Ali Üsküdari and painted with shiny, elegant colours. Sometime, there is only one flower and sometime, there are bouquets, but always clear. He was the fellower of Şahkulu style. While there was black ink in 16 th. century, we see a colourful style with red, green, blue, orange, yellow and various colors of gold. The balanceof composition is perfect in this century. He was the only school- of this period although he has lots of students in the studio. The subject of my thesis is more than a comparison but a relation of these two period. The most important diffrence between these two period is; 16 th century was a classical period but 18 th. century was under the influence of western culture but both were on top level. In the 16 th. century, the surface colours are indigo and red, and the designs are in pastel tones. But in the 18 th. century, we have new colours such as purple, red, green, ocra yellow. In the 16 th. century, the colours of flowers are painted with gold and a few pastels, but in the 18 th. sentury, with their natural colours. Except these, Ali Üsküdari has created a great hormony with his masters Şahkulu and Karamemi. In the falling period of ottoman Empire, the art was under the western influence and this did not let the art arouse. The Republican artists are trying to create their works of art in the 16 th. century schools. In our days, the developed turkish Illuminati ve Arts have the reflections of the master teachers of Mimar Sinan University, the department of Traditional Turkish Hand Arts, the Illumination branch. Feyzullah Dayıgil, Tuğrakeş Ismail Altunbezer, Necmeddin Okyay, Muhsin Demironat and our master D.Tahsin Aykutalp are some of them. They transmit their great knowledge to us by analises, practices and researches. We, the Ph.D. Students of this department, under the instruction of Mr. D.Tahsin Aykutalp, I, Münevver Öztürk Üçer, Hayri Aykutalp and Dr.Kaya Üçer will do our best in order to transfer our knowledge and practise and experience to the next generations. Sincerely.Turks brought the art of illumination from Mid-Asia but it began to develop after the acception of Isam. Ali, the Prophet, was the first person who got illuminated the Quran. And his fellowers accepted this as a religious responsibility and continued in the same way. The book illumination has an important place among the other branches. This comes from the importance of book generally. Especially the importance and the care of religious books was because of the eternity of words of God: The Turkish Illuminative Art reached it's top point at 16 th. century. Tabrizian Şahkulu and his student Karamemi became the head of palace studio and by the schools they created, they reflect the century. The Style `Saz Yolu` developed by Şahkulu consist the designs of long and spiky large leaves, angels and the legendery Dragon, the mythical bird simurg, lion, the scenes of fighting are made, with a great care and countoured with black ink. Şahkulu created a feeling of jungle in this scenes with the designs of `hatayi, penç and saz yolu leaves`. At the second half of 16 th. century, the naturalistic style initiated by Karamemi was developed.Composition of large flowers, leaves and hatayies applied in gold and pastel tones such as pink, blue. He uses the spring flowers in all his workes. This is considered as his sign in his works. His illuminations show a balance of gold and indigo blue in great compositions. And his students continued his style as a great school. In may thesis, the second important period is the begining of 18 th. century when the influence of western art has seen Although, there were marvellous works, we observe some very bad workers and works. The semi-stylized flowers are re-stylized as entirely naturalistic by Ali Üsküdari and painted with shiny, elegant colours. Sometime, there is only one flower and sometime, there are bouquets, but always clear. He was the fellower of Şahkulu style. While there was black ink in 16 th. century, we see a colourful style with red, green, blue, orange, yellow and various colors of gold. The balance

of composition is perfect in this century. He was the only school- of this period although he has lots of students in the studio. The subject of my thesis is more than a comparison but a relation of these two period. The most important diffrence between these two period is; 16 th century was a classical period but 18 th. century was under the influence of western culture but both were on top level. In the 16 th. century, the surface colours are indigo and red, and the designs are in pastel tones. But in the 18 th. century, we have new colours such as purple, red, green, ocra yellow. In the 16 th. century, the colours of flowers are painted with gold and a few pastels, but in the 18 th. sentury, with their natural colours. Except these, Ali Üsküdari has created a great hormony with his masters Şahkulu and Karamemi. In the falling period of ottoman Empire, the art was under the western influence and this did not let the art arouse. The Republican artists are trying to create their works of art in the 16 th. century schools. In our days, the developed turkish Illuminati ve Arts have the reflections of the master teachers of Mimar Sinan University, the department of Traditional Turkish Hand Arts, the Illumination branch. Feyzullah Dayıgil, Tuğrakeş Ismail Altunbezer, Necmeddin Okyay, Muhsin Demironat and our master D.Tahsin Aykutalp are some of them. They transmit their great knowledge to us by analises, practices and researches. We, the Ph.D. Students of this department, under the instruction of Mr. D.Tahsin Aykutalp, I, Münevver Öztürk Üçer, Hayri Aykutalp and Dr.Kaya Üçer will do our best in order to transfer our knowledge and practise and experience to the next generations. Sincerely.Turks brought the art of illumination from Mid-Asia but it began to develop after the acception of Isam. Ali, the Prophet, was the first person who got illuminated the Quran. And his fellowers accepted this as a religious responsibility and continued in the same way. The book illumination has an important place among the other branches. This comes from the importance of book generally. Especially the importance and the care of religious books was because of the eternity of words of God: The Turkish Illuminative Art reached it's top point at 16 th. century. Tabrizian Şahkulu and his student Karamemi became the head of palace studio and by the schools they created, they reflect the century. The Style `Saz Yolu` developed by Şahkulu consist the designs of long and spiky large leaves, angels and the legendery Dragon, the mythical bird simurg, lion, the scenes of fighting are made, with a great care and countoured with black ink. Şahkulu created a feeling of jungle in this scenes with the designs of `hatayi, penç and saz yolu leaves`. At the second half of 16 th. century, the naturalistic style initiated by Karamemi was developed.Composition of large flowers, leaves and hatayies applied in gold and pastel tones such as pink, blue. He uses the spring flowers in all his workes. This is considered as his sign in his works. His illuminations show a balance of gold and indigo blue in great compositions. And his students continued his style as a great school. In may thesis, the second important period is the begining of 18 th. century when the influence of western art has seen Although, there were marvellous works, we observe some very bad workers and works. The semi-stylized flowers are re-stylized as entirely naturalistic by Ali Üsküdari and painted with shiny, elegant colours. Sometime, there is only one flower and sometime, there are bouquets, but always clear. He was the fellower of Şahkulu style. While there was black ink in 16 th. century, we see a colourful style with red, green, blue, orange, yellow and various colors of gold. The balanceof composition is perfect in this century. He was the only school- of this period although he has lots of students in the studio. The subject of my thesis is more than a comparison but a relation of these two period. The most important diffrence between these two period is; 16 th century was a classical period but 18 th. century was under the influence of western culture but both were on top level. In the 16 th. century, the surface colours are indigo and red, and the designs are in pastel tones. But in the 18 th. century, we have new colours such as purple, red, green, ocra yellow. In the 16 th. century, the colours of flowers are painted with gold and a few pastels, but in the 18 th. sentury, with their natural colours. Except these, Ali Üsküdari has created a great hormony with his masters Şahkulu and Karamemi. In the falling period of ottoman Empire, the art was under the western influence and this did not let the art arouse. The Republican artists are trying to create their works of art in the 16 th. century schools. In our days, the developed turkish Illuminati ve Arts have the reflections of the master teachers of Mimar Sinan University, the department of Traditional Turkish Hand Arts, the Illumination branch. Feyzullah Dayıgil, Tuğrakeş Ismail Altunbezer, Necmeddin Okyay, Muhsin Demironat and our master D.Tahsin Aykutalp are some of them. They transmit their great knowledge to us by analises, practices and researches. We, the Ph.D. Students of this department, under the instruction of Mr. D.Tahsin Aykutalp, I, Münevver Öztürk Üçer, Hayri Aykutalp and Dr.Kaya Üçer will do our best in order to transfer our knowledge and practise and experience to the next generations. Sincerely.