Erken Osmanlı Dönemi halıları ile XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıl Orta Asya Türkmen halıları arasındaki ilişkiler

Abstract

While some of the Turkmen people continued to inhabit Transoxania, Khorasan and the region as far as Mangışlak, some migrated to Anatolia. The histories of those who remained inTurkme nistan and those who moved into Asia Minor therefore tookdifferent courses. The extensive and fertile pastures of Anatolia were ideal for anomadic existence, and this was a major factor behind the migratory flow into the region. Migration and settlementcontinued over several centuries, transforming Asia Minor into what was virtually a second Turkmen land. Historical source srecord that twenty-three of the twenty-four Turkmen tribes and their related clans came to Anatolia, and that they played a significant role in the conquest and settlement of Anatolia, and the establishment of a united Turkish presence. Common cultural and ethnic bonds of history, language, religion, art and customs exist between the Turkmen of Central Asia and Anatolia. The names of the tribes and clans to which the Turkmen who migrated to Anatolia belong, and the names of villages, towns, mountains and rivers in their Central Asian homelands, and the totem names of the clans were given to places where they settled in Anatolia, so there is another thread of continuity in place names. The art of carpet weaving which developed in the lands where Turkish communities settled spread from Central Asia westerners under Seljuk Turkish domination from the eleventh century onwards. In other words, the Turkmen clans which migrated from the Asian steppes introduced the art of carpet weaving to the Near East. Information gleaned from historical sources demonstrates that the Mongol invasions which commenced in 1219, the massacre of Ebûl Gazi Bahadır Han in the 17th century, and the policies of the Czarist regime in the nineteenth century all contributed to the destruction of carpets which can be dated prior to the eighteenth century with any certainty. As a result, the surviving carpets do not represent a sufficient time span to reveal the principal stages of Turkmen carpets.settlement in Anatolia is the foremost factor explaining this similarity. As a result, the widespread occurrence of the same style of motif and colour composition in the early carpets of central and western Anatolia can be attributed to the migration and settlement patterns of the Turkmen clans. Historical sources confirm that the Turkmens played a prominent role in the carpet weaving tradition of western Anatolia from the fourteenth century onwards. Famous travellers and geographers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Sa'id and Ibn Batuta, reported that the finest carpets were woven by the Turkmen people of Anatolia and that these were often sold to foreign merchants. For example, the small patterned Holbein carpets woven in western Anatolia are the work of weavers from the large Turkmen communities in this region at the time. In the course of this westward migration, some motifs and compositions underwent a degree of transformation. The motifs of early Ottoman carpets were often developed at the carpet weaving ateliers in Anatolian towns, so that they often vary from the earlier forms of Central Asian tradition. Yet despite this process of development the main elements survived, forming the foundation stones for the motifs of Anatolian carpets in later centuries.single headed heraldic eagles of Arabacı and Yomut textiles derive from the totem traditions of the Turkmen clans. The totem birds of each clan are members of the eagle family. The emblems used by various Turkish clans in the past are known to have indicated different families. They were used on coins, official documents, standards, weapons and diverse artefacts. The Turkmen clans of Anatolia especially branded their livestock with these marks, carved them on their doors and even tombstones, and marked their clothes with them. They also wove them as motifs into their carpets and kilims, so that some of the geometrical designs appearing on carpets of predominantly geometrical design from the fourteenth century onwards in Anatolia may well be clan marks. This demonstrates that they arerelated to certain identification marks of the Central Asian Turkmen clans. The knotted octagonal motifs and lozenges filled with stylised floral patterns typical of the Holbein carpets may be imitations of clan symbols. The göl which were originally symbols of clans lost their symbolic significance when a clan lost its independence and instead of being woven into carpets representing the clan, were used on less important textiles. From this we may conclude that the Crivelli, Memling and Holbein göls are actually clan emblems. As in many Central Asian traditions, their meanings may have been forgotten. In particular, it seems likely that the Crivelli and Memling göl were formerly the marks of clans which were assimilated. The semi-nomadic Turkmen carried their ancient symbols with them into Caucasia, Anatolia and Iran. If we assume that the Holbein göl originated in Anatolia, this, too, may once have been the mark of a Turkmen clan. The motifs and compositions of carpets woven in Anatolia between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries display a close resemblance to the Turkmen carpets woven between the eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. These similarities are the consequence of developments in the weaving traditions of the same clans. Various Turkmen clans which played leading roles in the conquest and settlement of Anatolia after migrating from Central Asia applied their traditional approach to motifs and compositions to the carpets they wove in their new homeland. Therefore we can easily identify the regions where Turkmen clans settled and continued their weaving tradition. The fact that the clans must have preserved their identities over the long time spans involved in the process of migration andsettlement in Anatolia is the foremost factor explaining this similarity. As a result, the widespread occurrence of the same style of motif and colour composition in the early carpets of central and western Anatolia can be attributed to the migration and settlement patterns of the Turkmen clans. Historical sources confirm that the Turkmens played a prominent role in the carpet weaving tradition of western Anatolia from the fourteenth century onwards. Famous travellers and geographers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Sa'id and Ibn Batuta, reported that the finest carpets were woven by the Turkmen people of Anatolia and that these were often sold to foreign merchants. For example, the small patterned Holbein carpets woven in western Anatolia are the work of weavers from the large Turkmen communities in this region at the time. In the course of this westward migration, some motifs and compositions underwent a degree of transformation. The motifs of early Ottoman carpets were often developed at the carpet weaving ateliers in Anatolian towns, so that they often vary from the earlier forms of Central Asian tradition. Yet despite this process of development the main elements survived, forming the foundation stones for the motifs of Anatolian carpets in later centuries.single headed heraldic eagles of Arabacı and Yomut textiles derive from the totem traditions of the Turkmen clans. The totem birds of each clan are members of the eagle family. The emblems used by various Turkish clans in the past are known to have indicated different families. They were used on coins, official documents, standards, weapons and diverse artefacts. The Turkmen clans of Anatolia especially branded their livestock with these marks, carved them on their doors and even tombstones, and marked their clothes with them. They also wove them as motifs into their carpets and kilims, so that some of the geometrical designs appearing on carpets of predominantly geometrical design from the fourteenth century onwards in Anatolia may well be clan marks. This demonstrates that they arerelated to certain identification marks of the Central Asian Turkmen clans. The knotted octagonal motifs and lozenges filled with stylised floral patterns typical of the Holbein carpets may be imitations of clan symbols. The göl which were originally symbols of clans lost their symbolic significance when a clan lost its independence and instead of being woven into carpets representing the clan, were used on less important textiles. From this we may conclude that the Crivelli, Memling and Holbein göls are actually clan emblems. As in many Central Asian traditions, their meanings may have been forgotten. In particular, it seems likely that the Crivelli and Memling göl were formerly the marks of clans which were assimilated. The semi-nomadic Turkmen carried their ancient symbols with them into Caucasia, Anatolia and Iran. If we assume that the Holbein göl originated in Anatolia, this, too, may once have been the mark of a Turkmen clan. The motifs and compositions of carpets woven in Anatolia between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries display a close resemblance to the Turkmen carpets woven between the eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. These similarities are the consequence of developments in the weaving traditions of the same clans. Various Turkmen clans which played leading roles in the conquest and settlement of Anatolia after migrating from Central Asia applied their traditional approach to motifs and compositions to the carpets they wove in their new homeland. Therefore we can easily identify the regions where Turkmen clans settled and continued their weaving tradition. The fact that the clans must have preserved their identities over the long time spans involved in the process of migration andsettlement in Anatolia is the foremost factor explaining this similarity. As a result, the widespread occurrence of the same style of motif and colour composition in the early carpets of central and western Anatolia can be attributed to the migration and settlement patterns of the Turkmen clans. Historical sources confirm that the Turkmens played a prominent role in the carpet weaving tradition of western Anatolia from the fourteenth century onwards. Famous travellers and geographers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Sa'id and Ibn Batuta, reported that the finest carpets were woven by the Turkmen people of Anatolia and that these were often sold to foreign merchants. For example, the small patterned Holbein carpets woven in western Anatolia are the work of weavers from the large Turkmen communities in this region at the time. In the course of this westward migration, some motifs and compositions underwent a degree of transformation. The motifs of early Ottoman carpets were often developed at the carpet weaving ateliers in Anatolian towns, so that they often vary from the earlier forms of Central Asian tradition. Yet despite this process of development the main elements survived, forming the foundation stones for the motifs of Anatolian carpets in later centuries.settlement in Anatolia is the foremost factor explaining this similarity. As a result, the widespread occurrence of the same style of motif and colour composition in the early carpets of central and western Anatolia can be attributed to the migration and settlement patterns of the Turkmen clans. Historical sources confirm that the Turkmens played a prominent role in the carpet weaving tradition of western Anatolia from the fourteenth century onwards. Famous travellers and geographers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Sa'id and Ibn Batuta, reported that the finest carpets were woven by the Turkmen people of Anatolia and that these were often sold to foreign merchants. For example, the small patterned Holbein carpets woven in western Anatolia are the work of weavers from the large Turkmen communities in this region at the time. In the course of this westward migration, some motifs and compositions underwent a degree of transformation. The motifs of early Ottoman carpets were often developed at the carpet weaving ateliers in Anatolian towns, so that they often vary from the earlier forms of Central Asian tradition. Yet despite this process of development the main elements survived, forming the foundation stones for the motifs of Anatolian carpets in later centuries.settlement in Anatolia is the foremost factor explaining this similarity. As a result, the widespread occurrence of the same style of motif and colour composition in the early carpets of central and western Anatolia can be attributed to the migration and settlement patterns of the Turkmen clans. Historical sources confirm that the Turkmens played a prominent role in the carpet weaving tradition of western Anatolia from the fourteenth century onwards. Famous travellers and geographers such as Marco Polo, Ibn Sa'id and Ibn Batuta, reported that the finest carpets were woven by the Turkmen people of Anatolia and that these were often sold to foreign merchants. For example, the small patterned Holbein carpets woven in western Anatolia are the work of weavers from the large Turkmen communities in this region at the time. In the course of this westward migration, some motifs and compositions underwent a degree of transformation. The motifs of early Ottoman carpets were often developed at the carpet weaving ateliers in Anatolian towns, so that they often vary from the earlier forms of Central Asian tradition. Yet despite this process of development the main elements survived, forming the foundation stones for the motifs of Anatolian carpets in later centuries.