Türkiye Türkçesi`nde kullanılan Arapça kelimeler üzerinde fonetik ve morfolojik bir inceleme

Abstract

The language, a cultural treasure and one of the peculiar aspects of a culture, is under great impact of the cultural movements of a nation and of the cultural interactions with other nations and societies. Among the languages of different sources and different families, it is observed that many common elements are interchanged as a result of the interactions of different nations speaking different lan guages. The most commonly interchanged elements among the languages are the words. Such elements are transferred from one language to other on the account of religious relations, as the first factor, literal eff ects, commercial relations, political interactions as well as common lives, at the rate of intensity of such relations and interactions. Such interactions and mutual effects among the languages are as great as to change the overall structure of languages where different nations and societies live together on a common ground, in particular. Two languages, which are spoken within the same community receive words and literal rules from each other as well as closeness of sound and syntax is observed. After adoption of Islamism by Turks, they entered into an environment where Moslem religion and culture rule. Consequently, many. words of Arabic, which is the fundamental language of Islam religion, penetrated into Turkish writing and speaking language. The words, transferred to Turkish from Arabic have greatly changed in time. Also, after Tanzimat, until the declaration of Turkish Republic, people desired to utilise Arabic instead of Turkish for the purpose of explaining such concepts of culture and civilisation of Ottoman Empire. Thus, such words as `İçtimaiyat, Hars, Mefkure etc` have been created from Arabic words, but not existing in Arabic. Details of this broad impact of Arabic upon Turkish as well as modifications and progress of Arabic vwords used in Turkish require an intensive research and study in many respects. Though the phonetic, morphologic and semantic developments and modi fications of Arabic words used in Turkish are very important,401 they have not been empirically studied yet. By very kind assistance and motivation by my late professor, Dr. Faruk Timurtaş, we have started to conduct a study named `A Phonetic and Morphologic Study on Arabic Words used in today's Turkish`, as a thesis for doctorate degree in spite of its difficulties. At the section of Phonetics, we briefly mentioned of fundamental sound characteristics of Turkish and Arabic and we handled grammar of Arabic words used in Turkish. We also studied such words subject to vocal changes, derivations and deletions as well as to consonant changes, derivations and deletions. At the section of morphology, we studied Arabic nouns, imperatives, adjectives and adverbs which are used in Turkish and are subject to change. Also, at this section, we handled invented Turkish words from Arabic roots. In our study, we handled the modified words, only. We did not touch the ones which have not been modified. In the meantime, one of the most peculiar results which I reached, is that a large portion of Arabic words used in Turkish are modified, in other words, they became Turkis; so much so that, we cannot label such words Arabic any more. Because they have nothing to do with Arabic. Also, during our studies,, while handling the words which have been modified, we tried to establish their respective positions in Persian. We saw that, some of these words are used in Persian in the same modified way as in Turkish. Considering that, at earlier ages, Turkish literature was under the impact of Persian Literature, we can argue that, some of the Arabic words penetrated into Turkish through Persian, after having been modified in Persian Language. Usage of so many Arabic words in Turkish, or their becoming Turkish, and preferring Arabic words though there are equivalent words in Turkish ( for example, `cermet` for `uçmak` - paraside- or `cehennem` for `tamu` - hell-) is an open indication of common philosophy of life, common way of living, sentiments and thoughts between Turks and Arabs. 1. dl. Yükseköğretim Kurulu ©okümanîasyoE Herkesi