Rus edebiyat eleştirisinde Dostoyevskiy

Abstract

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There are many interpretations about Dostoevsky in Russianliterature criticism. We have classified them in our study according to theyear they were published and according to their executive structures. Ouraim was to examine Dostoevsky under the magnifying glass of Russianliterature criticism. The study consists of five main sections. After theintroduction part we determined the notion of criticism in general, then wetried to see what kind of critiques there have been made in Russianliterature. The second main section comprises the life of Dostroevsky andhis works of art. The life of Dostevsky and his works are tightly boundtogether and explain each others. In the third main section we introducedall the critiques comprising the first critique of Dostoevsky's piece of workwhich then drew the profound attention of the critical circles and the restof the critiques made unit his death. In the succeeding fourth main sectionwe assessed the new interpretations made about the writer by thesymbolists at the beginning of the twentieth century. Again in the samesections the opinions of the critics were taken during the Soviet period.Moreover, also in this section, the rich Russian immigrant's literaturecriticism about Dostoevsky has explained the general outlines and itsrepresentatives. In the last section, the critiques having the subject ofDostoevsky have been assessed along with a brief summary of ourstudy. The study ends up with an appendices section where thebibliography and outline have been placed.The original talent of Dostoevsky who met the profoundinterest of the literature circles even with his first work of art wasfirst discovered by the founder of the contemporary Russian criticismVissarion Bellinsky. But Bellinsky died in the years when he waswriting his greatest novels, so the relations between his successorsand Dostoevsky got cold. Dostoevsky's world of art, the fantasticrealism of his works could not be explained sufficiently by hiscontemporary critics who considered one's life totally bound to thesocial conditions.During the seventies and eighties, not only his opponents, buteveryone, like N. Strahov, who defends him, shared Dobrolyubov'sopinions concerning the works of Dostoevsky. The spiritual ties ofDostoevsky who was assessed as odd, sick, and cruel talent havecut off with the readers of the generation of seventies and eighties.In the threshold of the 20th century, prior to the Russian Revolution,the symbolists have already `discovered` Dostoevsky. The spiritualrevolution, realised by Dostoevsky, was mentioned in the works andessays of N. Berdyaev, D. Merejkovsky, S. Bulgakov, V. V. Rozanov,Vy. Ivanov. Nevertheless, the viewpoint of the symbolists whichsimplified the philosophical and ethical problems in Dostoevsky'sworks totally to religious, could not understand writer's system ofthoughts and the originality of the Russian realistic literature in itswhole sense.1921 was an important year in the literature criticism having thesubject Dostoevsky. Due to the looth anniversary of his birth, hismemorandums were published which helped for the examining of thecreative process of his letters and novels. Immediately after the 1917Revolution, the Soviet critics approached the writer's works with ascientific viewpoint dependant on the flow of history and literature.In the literature criticism of thirties, and fifties, the question what isDostoevsky's place within the Russian literatme, has changed introwhether or not he belongs to the Russian realism at all. The critics whoassessed the realism as an ideology applied to arts, declared the influenceof Dostoevsky upon his readers as harmful. Dostoevsky's works of artwere not published in Soviet Union within this period. The campaignorganised against his works, his enquires, and the bookstores, hasseparated Dostoevsky from the Russian literature and from the scientistswho have devoted their lives to him. In the sixties, the Soviet literaturescience has expanded the limits of the Realistic understating.Dostoevsky's fantastic realism was examined in relationship whit theRussian realistic literature of the 19th century. After, in the seventies andthe eighties, the place of Dostoevsky in the Russian realistic literature wastried to be detennined by comparison with the other Russian writers. Thewriter's relations with Shchedrin, Turgenev, Bellinsky, Nekrasov wereexamined.In the nineties, Russian began to reconstruct herself in every field.These renovations also occurred in the field of arts and literature. So, thedays of banishment of Dostoevsky ended up and new interpretations werewritten about him, Along with all these changes, fIrst of all the works ofimmigrant thinker like Lev Shestov, K. Mouchulsky, Zenkovsky aboutDostoevsky also reached the Russian readers.What most has influenced the critiques about Dostoevsky,undoubtedly was the contemporary aspect of his art. As it is known, thewriter usually chose the subjects of his works from the newspaper's pagesand from the political events influenced the day. That's why. Those whoexamined his art when he was a live and postmortem weren't satisfied justwhit an aesthetical criticism, but have also examined the ideologicalproblems taking an important part in his works. As Dostoevsky was awriter, he was also important as an ideological writer, as a thinker in theiropinions. The main reason for the interest of the contemporary man gettinggreater day by day against Dostoevsky, is that the social, the spiritual, and. the ethical tension of the 20th century which was the century- of the twoworld wars, revolutions, technological revolutions, fmds its expression inthe tension in the writer's works. Dostoevsky, who has got anextraordinary intuition concerning the states of despair of the society andthe individual's life, is far from showing life as ethical, calm, and inharmony. We witness the underground powers which have got thecapacity for greatest blow under the shell of the ordinariness,waiting ready to burst out every moment.The reality is not something consisted of the needs of presentdays. It also comprises what is still secret today but in the futurewill outburst. There are some people who make visible this secret,who talk about it, Just like Dostoevsky,