Yakın-alan kaynak konumlandırması için en büyük olabilirlik kestirim yöntemleri

Abstract

ÖZET Orman varlığı, artan nüfus ve endüstrileşme baskısı nedeniyle, gün geçtikçe nitelik ve nicelik olarak azalmakta ve mevcut olanının korunması acil koruma tedbirlerinin alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Ormanları korumanın bir yolu da yasal yolları kullanarak gerekli korumayı sağlamaktır. Bu anlamda, ilk akla gelen yasal yollardan biri de ormanlardan yararlanmada zarar verici eylemleri yasaklamak ve bu yasakları ihlal edenleri bir cezai müeyyide ile cezalandırmaktır. Bu çalışmada amaç, ormanlara zarar veren ve suç teşkil eden eylemleri ceza genel hukuku çerçevesinde incelemektir. Bu incelemede, orman mevzuatında yer alan boşlukları ortaya koymak ve bunları doldurmak için gerekli değişikliklerin yapılması amacıyla ilgili şahıs ve kurumları bilgilendirmek hedeflenmiştir.

SUMMARY Over the years, forests lands have been decreasing depending upon development and population pressure. Because of that pressure, it is essential to protect those forests from development, overexploitation, and destruction. There are several institutions available to protect those forests. One of them is the legal institution that provides us some methods to sustain current forest assets. Here, the criminal law is the one that fits best to ban activities degrades the forests. Criminal law is a kind of strict branch of the law that strictly restricts human beings' activities and punishes the one who violates the related statute. The activities that violate forest statute are called `forest crimes`. These crimes were enacted particularly to prohibit the activities that destruct forests. In this study, I discuss the pros and cons of forest crimes mentioned above in terms of the general theory of criminal law. Then, I criticise those crimes and make recommendations to policy makers deal with this issue. The origin of forest crimes can be derived from the initial restrictions that came in to use in the Ottoman Empire era. About 15. century, first restrictions on forests took place without any punishment. Then, around 16. and 17. century, the first punishment such as fine was put into execution. Then, in the second half of the 19 th. Century (1870), the first forest statute about forest crimes was enacted. That statute became the main outline that was used to enact meodern forest statutes such as Forest Statute of 1936 Number 3116 and the Forest Statute of 1956 Number 6831. The first modern forest statute consists of forest crimes was enacted in 1936 and regulated almost all forest crimes committed on forest lands. This statute was largely inspired by the forest statute of 1870 and extended its contents by creating several new forest crimes such as smuggling forest materials. This statute wasr enforced by the year 1956 and the new forest code numbered 6831 was enacted and regulated the activities violates the statute. Originally, this code did not bring any innovation up until 1995. At the year of 1995, the capital punishment was considered as a punishment for the first time and arsony on the forest was punished more severely than that of before. To sum, forest crimes have been examined depending upon general crime theory and some recommendations have been made to policy makers deal with this issue.