Karadenizde dalga enerjisi potansiyelinin uydu verileri yardımıyla belirlenmesi; İstanbul örneği

Abstract

KARADENİZDE DALGA ENERJİSİ POTANSİYELİNİN UYDU VERİLERİ YARDIMIYLA BELİRLENMESİ; İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİÖZETGünümüzde enerji, bireysel ve toplumsal olarak temel ihtiyaçlardan biri haline gelmiş bulunmaktadır. İnsanlar ev ve iş hayatlarında enerjiye bağımlı olarak yaşamakta, boş vakitlerinde bile elektrik ile çalışan elektronik eğlence cihazları ile vakit geçirmektedirler. İçinde bulunduğumuz zaman dilimine bakıldığında günlük hayatın içinde insanların en önemli endişelerinden biri mobil cihazlarının enerjilerinin tükenmesidir. Enerji, bireysel olarak kişilerin ihtiyaçlarından biri olduğu gibi, devletlerinde en önemli ihtiyaçlarından biridir. Devletlerarası mücadeleler ateşli silah ve insan gücüne bağlı olmaktan çıkmış, ekonomik olarak güçlü olma savaşına dönüşmüştür. Ekonomik olarak güçlü olmanın en önemli koşullarından biri de, enerji talebinin devletlerin kendi iç kaynakları ile karşılanabilmesidir.Uzunca bir süre enerjiye olan ihtiyacın karşılanmasında doğada bol miktarda bulunan fosil yakıtlar kullanılmış, neredeyse tüm enerji ihtiyacı altyapısı fosil yakıtların kullanımı üzerine kurulmuştur. Bununla birlikte fosil yakıtların kullanımı sonucu çevresel sorunların ortaya çıktığı fark edilmiş ve alternatif enerji kaynakları arayışına başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda da ilk akla gelen enerji kaynağı, yenilenebilir temiz enerji kaynakları olmuştur.Aslında yenilenebilir temiz enerji kaynakları çok uzun yıllardır insanlar tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Yel değirmenleri, akarsu değirmenleri gibi sistemler yenilenebilir enerjinin küçük ölçekte ve kapasitede kullanımına ilişkin örneklerdir. Günümüzde ise teknolojinin gelişmesi ile rüzgâr, akarsu, güneş gibi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının verimliliği artmış, bu durumda bu kaynakların temel enerji kaynağı olarak görülmelerine neden olmuştur.Günümüzde yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları dendiğinde ilk akla gelen kaynaklar, akarsu, rüzgar ve güneştir. Bunların yanında, genel olarak okyanusa kıyısı olan toplumların faydalandığı bir diğer enerji kaynağı da dalga enerjisidir. Dalga enerjisi çok uzun yıllardır insanların ilgisini çekmiştir. Okyanus dalgalarından elektrik üreten, ilk bilinen patent başvurusu 1799 yılına kadar dayanmaktadır. 1910 yılında Fransa'da Bordeaux yakınlarında, Royan kasabasında Bochaux-Praceique evinin aydınlatmasını sağlamak için dalga enerjisini kullanmıştır. Aynı şekilde 1932 yılında dalgaların büyük gücünü hisseden Osborn Havelock Papazları 1933 de dalga enerjisi düşüncelerine patent almışlardır. Dalga enerjisi konusunda 1932 yılından 2001 yılına kadar alınan patent sayısı 259 iken günümüz teknolojilerinin ve imalat sektörünün gelişmesi sonucu 2003 Mart ayı itibariyle, iki yıl içinde 292 ye ulaşmıştır.Türkiye'de ise dalga enerjisi konusunda henüz üretim faaliyeti bulunmamaktadır. Üretim faaliyeti öncesi yapılması gerekli olan dalga enerjisi potansiyeli belirleme çalışmaları ise yapılmakta olsa da, genel olarak bu çalışmalar dalga enerjisinin temel faktörü olan dalga yüksekliğini ölçmekten ziyade, modellemelerden faydalanılarak yapılmaktadır. Bunun temel nedeni ise, deniz koşullarından dolayı dalga büyüklüğü ölçme işlemlerinin oldukça masraflı ve teknik olarak zor olabilmesidir.Bu zorluğun önüne geçebilmek amacıyla alternatif dalga yüksekliği ölçme teknikleri gözden geçirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında, dünya etrafında belirli bir yörüngede hareket etmekte olan uydular ile dalga yükseklik değerlerinin belirlenebilmesi en yeni yöntem olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu işleme uygun algılayıcılar ile 2000'li yılların başından itibaren uydular yardımıyla dalga yükseklik değerleri ölçülebilmektedir. Gelişen teknoloji ve ihtiyaçlar ile birlikte daha fazla ve daha kapasiteli uydularda uzaya gönderilmiş, bu sayede hem ölçüm değerlerinin doğruluğu, hem de ölçüm yapılan alan miktarı artmıştır.Yapılan bu çalışmada da, Karadeniz'in İstanbul'a olan kıyılarında ki dalga enerjisi potansiyeli incelenmiş, incelemenin yapılabilmesi için gerekli olan dalga yüksekliği verisi için ise SARAL/ALTİKA uydu verileri kullanılmıştır.

DETERMINATION OF WAVE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN THE BLACK SEA WITH SATELLITE DATA; ISTANBUL EXAMPLESUMMARYNowadays, Energy has become one of the basic needs of individual and society. People live in their home and business lives dependent on energy, even in their spare time they spend time with electronic entertainment devices. One of the most important concerns of people in daily life is the depletion of the energy of mobile devices. In addition to individuals ' energy needs, energy is one of the most important needs in their state. The inter-state struggles ceased to be dependent on firearms and manpower, and turned into a war of economic power. One of the most important conditions of being economically powerful is that the demand for energy can be met by the state's own means. In this context, states have entered into a competition with each other. This competition is carried one step further each day for every country and state and with the evaluation of every possible opportunity, it is tried to take a step forward in this competition. Fossil fuels, which are abundant in nature, have been used in meeting the need for energy for a long time throughout the world, and almost all energy needs infrastructure is based on the use of fossil fuels. Negative situations for a long time attention of fossil fuel use, moreover, has limited quantities of the type of fuel that it will run out one day have been ignored. After the use of fossil fuels, environmental problems have emerged and the search for alternative energy sources has been started. In this search, the first outstanding sources of energy are renewable and clean energy sources. In this context, it has caused them to become the first source of energy that comes to mind as they have no problems such as being renewable and depleting energy sources which are defined as clean and have limited negative effects on nature.In addition to all these, renewable clean energy sources are used by people for a long time, even if they are not very comprehensive. Systems such as windmills, stream mills are examples of the use of renewable energy in small scale and capacity. Today, with the development of technology, the efficiency of renewable energy sources such as wind, stream, solar has increased, in this case, these sources are seen as the basic energy source. Therefore, the development and establishment of these systems all over the world continues at an increasing rate. With this increase, it is expected that the renewable clean energy resources will be used more in the future and that they will have more share in energy production. The use of these resources has become a necessity rather than a necessity due to the increasing use of these resources in Turkey and the fact that fossil resources are very limited.Today, renewable energy sources are the first sources that come to mind, streams, wind and sun. These energy sources are being used more and more to develop tools for the transformation of these resources. In addition, the ocean waves are another source of energy that societies are aware of and benefit from, which are mostly on the coast of the ocean. Sea waves have been attracting people for many years. The first known patent application, which produces electricity from ocean waves, dates back to 1799. In 1910, near Bordeaux in France, he used wave energy to illuminate the Bochaux-Praceique house in the town of Royan. In 1932, the Kings of Osborn Havelock, who felt the great power of the waves, patented their ideas of wave energy in 1933. As a result of the development of today's technologies and manufacturing sector, it reached 292 in two years as of March 2003, while the number of patents received from 1932 to 2001 on wave energy was 259.In Turkey, there is no production activity on wave energy. Although the studies to determine the wave energy potential required before the production activity are being carried out, in general, these studies are carried out by using models rather than measuring the wave height, which is the basic factor of the wave energy. The main reason for this is that the wave size measurement due to sea conditions can be very costly and technically difficult. In addition, these measuring systems are not produced in Turkey and are supplied from other countries. These are the factors that make it difficult to work on this subject.In order to prevent these difficulties, alternative wave height measurement techniques have been reviewed. These include the determination of satellite and wave height values that are moving in a particular orbit around the Earth, which is seen as a more appropriate method. This process is suitable for the satellites with sensors and waveform height values can be measured from the beginning of the 2000's. With developing technology and needs, more and more capacity satellites have been sent to space, thus increasing both the accuracy of measurement values and the amount of area measured.In this study, in order to determine the accuracy of satellite data, wave meters and satellites receiving data from the same region were taken and then this data was compared. Satellite data is downloaded from aviso+ internet for comparison. Due to the lack of satellite data data formats, the conversion process has been performed so that the downloaded data will be read in Excel format. For this conversion, the mat-Lab program was used and a program was written in Mat-Lab. This data, which is to be read in Excel format, is shown graphically by using the mat-Lab program. In these charts, satellite data and buoy data were compared.With the success of the comparison results, the wave height data on the shores of the Black Sea in Istanbul has been determined as long-term through satellites. The internet address of Aviso+was used as the data source. The downloaded data has also been converted to the appropriate formats in the mat-Lab program. After these operations, long-term averages of all data were determined and as a result of these determination procedures, wave height data were drawn against time.In addition, some of the systems that transform the wave power into wave energy have been investigated and study structures have been studied. In this examination, the systems are briefly explained under two separate headings: established on the shore and established on the sea. In this context, it has been added to the study in ways that show the working principles of these systems and the views of these systems.The relationship between wave height and wave power was investigated after the determination of the wave height values. The results were determined by the wave power potential of the Black Sea. In order to determine the wave power potential, wave period information was needed and therefore, especially for the Black Sea Wave period equations were investigated. The results of these studies have been obtained with the knowledge of the wave period. The results for determining the wave power values and determining how these values change over the year are shown in graphs.In order to determine the results, wave energy conversion systems and the wave power values of the seas in the region of these systems have been investigated. With this comparison, the wave power potential of the Black Sea and the wave energy that can be provided for Istanbul were determined. With all these evaluations and investigations, it has been concluded that wave energy could be an important energy source for Turkey in the following periods. Although the amount of wave energy is small compared to fossil fuels, there is a source of energy that can be used in wave power in the Turkish seas. In this context, wave power is also needed and it is thought that it can be used with the aim of closing the energy deficit.