Radyoaktif izleme tekniği ile çevresel metal kirliliğinin pelargonium peltatum bitkisi üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi

Abstract

ÖZET Bu Yüksek Lisana Tez çalışmasında radyoaktif izleyici tekniği kullanılarak, çevre kirliliği etkisinin bitkiler Üzerine etkisi incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, kolay yetiştir ilebilen bir bitki olan pelargonium peltaturo bitkisi seçilmiş ve çiçekler yetişkin şekilde temin edilerek laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Çevre kirliliği için haliç ve çevresine ilişkin kirlilik göz online alınmıştır. Bunun için haliç kirliliği Üzerine yapılan çalışmalardan yararlanılarak halle ve çevresine ilişkin kirlilik elementleri olan krom, çinko, kadmiyum ve elva İnceleme elementi olarak seçilmiştir. Yapılan deneysel sonuçlar kalitatif acıdan değerlendirildiğinde, çalışılan dört elementin deney başlangıcında bitkiler tarafından kuvvetle alındığı, ancak hemen sonra alınma oranı kuvvetli bir düşüş göstererek, bu düşüşün genel olarak sürmekle beraber, düşme oranının azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Kantitatif değerlendirme çerçevesinde ise her çalışma elementi için genel karakterinin birbirine benzer olmasına karsın mertebelerinin farklı olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Böylelikle, çevre kirliliği elementlerinin radyoaktif izleme tekniği kullanılarak, radyoaktivite acısından düşük dozda kirlilik elementi radyoizotopu kullanılarak yapılan bu Çalışmayla. çevre kirliliğinin kolay yetişen ve çevre şartlarına rahat uyum sağlayabilen bir bitki olan pelargonium peltatum bitkisi için bile ne derecede negatif etkisinin olduğu net olarak gözlemlenmiştir. ix

INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL METAL I C POLLUTION EFFECTS ON PELARGONIUM PELTATUM BY USING RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUE SUMMARY The idea of using tracers (chemical, dyes etc) in the investigation of complex physical phenomena has always attracted of scientists and engineers. When radioactive isotopes become available it is immediately recognized that they offer an almost ideal solution to tracer selection. Extensive experience has been gathered all over the world in the application of radioactive tracers in industry. A number of conventional measuring and surveying techniques may be used in conjuction with radiotracer techniques. It should be emphasized that the experimental data obtained by conventional methods, if available, may supplement the radiotracer data. They may contribute to a better understanding of the investigated physical phenomena. Hence, alternative conventional methods should be considered simultaneously with radiotracer techniques if they can yield comparable accuracy of information. Sealed radioactive sources are used almost as often as radioisotope tracers in industrial measurements. Measuring equipment is also similar to that used in tracer experiments. ?Cn addition, sealed source measurements often complement, or are ancillary to, the tracer data.Any tracer te3t implies three steps; 1 - Planning - Implemetation - Data evaluation Industrial activity involves of technical problems to which solutions are sought at various levels. A good understanding of the problem deals with, in terms of relevant questions, the economic values are involved, alternative ways for solving the problem and are required accuracies needed. Tracing means that a certain chemical element, substance, phase or object whose change in time and space one wishes to study is lebe lied with a specific agent which will behave throughout the investigated process in the same manner as the traced matter under study. Dyes, electrolytes, magnetic materials and radioactive tracers are some of the most widely used tracers. Radioactive tracers provide certain general advantages as compared to other tracers: -Identity - Specificity - Sensitivity - Measurement through pipe and vessel wall These advantages are special importance for many industrial plant studies. If several radioisotope tracers can be used for an investigation, the ones preferred will be those with; - Shorter half- lives - Better detection sensitivoty - Availability - Higher annual limit of intake xiRadioactive material has to be injected into the system generally in two different type. These are; - Instantaneously - Continuously Selection of the measurement technique will strongly depend on whether the tracer test is based on measurement of samples withdrawn from the process or continuous on-line measurements. Detectors will have to be chosen according to the radiation to be measured, eventually spectrometric requirements, location and conditions of measurements. Data acquisition methods will depend on the nature of the test and data evaluation. Simple and portable equipments are preferred for the radiotracer applications. Under certain circumstances, the tracer has to be chemically identical with the traced substance and then one uses a `chemical radioactive tracer`. Whenever the chemical identy of the tracer with the material it follows is not required, the tracer has merely to fulfill a limited number of not very rigid physical and physicochemical conditions. A lower limit on the activity required in a tracer test is estimated according to measurement sensitivity, required accuracy and axpected dilution between injection and measuring point. An upper limit is imposed by radiological safety consideration. Optimization of the activity used in a tracer test implies a good understanding of the process to be investigated and its dynamics. xiiIn this thesis. it is aimed to search of environmental pollution effects on the plants. For this reason, firstly, a plant must be selected. Pelargonium pel tat um has prefered as an experimental plant. The reason of selection of trie pelargonium pel tat um is : - Ease to growth - Available plant in Istanbul - Appropriation of experimental period for thesis Secondly. environmental pollution elements has been searched. It is understood that metallic elements are more dangerous for the ecology. Four metalic pollution elements are determined according to Goldenhorn and its environment pollution. These are: - Cr omium - Zinc - Cadmium - Mercury Amount of the pollution elements are determined apropriate to the realistic values of them in the Goldenhorn and its environment. Appropriate chemical compound has been used as radiotracer, and their amounts calculated for the pollution elements. Irradiation of the radiotracers have been done in the Istanbul Technical University CI.T.U.) TRIGA Mark-II Reactor at 250 KW full power rate. Activity is supplied appropriation for the radi tracer technique, but no harmful effect for the plants because of the radioactivity. Each pollution elements are applied three different pelargonium pel tat um separetely, and four pollution elements are also applied together to three different pelargonium pel tat um. In addition of these fiftheen plants six pelargonium pel tat um are identified as control group without any radiotracer application. Experiments continued in six weeks. Each week the plants are counted separetely and in the same geometry. xiiiIn the result of the study; two different evaluation can be done. One of the qualitative and general evaluation, and the other one is quantitative and special evaluation. * For the qualitative and general evaluation, it can be said that; in the beginning of the experiments, all the plants takes all metalle pollution elements mostly. After that taking amount decrease. For the quantitative and the special evaluation, it can be said that; taking mechanism is similar for pollution elements, but their taking amounts are different. In the beginlng period of the experiment, zinc has the most high value due to minor feeding element. After that, cromium amount have high value and the working pollution elements is arranged as cromium, zinc, mix group, cadmium and mercury. It is recognized that order of elements is according to atomic number of them. At the end of the experiments, the plants which are applied metaluc pollution elements, are morely affected than the control group. Lastly, it can be said that these metalle environmental pollution elements have strongly negative effects on pelargonium pel ta turn. xiv