Klasik, barok, rokoko, ampir kalemişi üslubları

Abstract

The Penwork is a embellishment element which is obtained by the result of shaking and painting proccessing of tha walls, ceilings and elements like dome of the buildings. A long the centuries, the Penwork is a most improved branch of the Turkish art. Technically, there are plenty of kinds of this Art. Over Plaster, and OverWood is a most known type. On the first year which was given good samples, the Penwork improved on the fresque technique but later Over-- plaster but, however, from the XIV.th century has been started to be seen on Wood. Fresque, OverPlester, OverWood and the branches of Over- Wood, Leather Coating and Tweel Coating Penwork style is a Techniques of Penwork. Allthough the animal and human pictures drawn on the walls of the caves in between XVTII and XII centuries B.C. as a first samples of Penwork, The first Turkish samples have been seen in Uyurs at Hoçha and Bezeklik on fresque technic on OverWood after the VI th century and it shows a very big improvement. At the Topa artistic monuments the motives are the natural flowers and stylized clouds. On the Central Asia Penwork art which was effected by Manihaism and Budha religion, the figure and human figures gained importance. The flower motives and Rumi and cloud has been started to be seen from these Centuries. There was no Mode or Fashion at this age. Anl thing to be seen has been drawn. The 1000 dated, Budha effected Samra Palace is lodged Penwork in thin fresque technique. One of the famous name of this era is Yan Fan Brug. Although, Turkish painting has been suffered a pause after accepting the Islamic religion, the stylized motives was started to occupy designs. The Mongol, Timur and Saf evi ecoles, with intervals, until XIII th century kept going its life. But, after Islam, the Pen- work style started with Karahan, and Ghazne, has been reached itshighest level on the time of Selchuks and Ottomans. The Leşker Bazar Place is a famous Ghazne Palace and it contains Penwork. The Great Selchuks are weak on the Penwork point of view. There has remained no decoration up to this time. It has been seen an oldest Penwork sample at the Dome of the Baghdat Mustasun Medresse. Until coming to the Ottomans, being seen no good and plenty samples shows that the Penwork at Asia and Central Asia has not yet been solved. There has been OverWood samples on the period of Selchuks and the. Beylic. The Beyşehir Eşref oğlu Mosque is one of those samples. The Ottoman Period is the ascending age and improvement age for this Art. Over Plaster and over Wood and their vaiations are reached to the highest level. Kılıç Ali Paşa Takyeci, Sultan Ahmet, Sokullu Rüstem Paşa and the other numerious mosques are the proof of these arts.. There is very good emmbellishmentş at Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul. At the period of Descending of Ottoman Empire and its collapsing period, the occupying Baroque, Rococo and the Empire-styles has been created at the result of opening to the West. As These styles causing to become Turkish style, has been worked on Tural, Wood and Over Plas ter and has became very strange to the Turkish Classical Art. Ayazma, Dolmabahçe, and the Mecidiye Mosques and Dolmabahçe and Beylerbeyi Palaces are the good specimens.. The Penwork has been used at mosques, -: at homes, at Palaces, and the very many other architectural elements and are still being done at these days. CLASSICAL MODE From the first quarter of the fifteenth century to the end of the sixteenth century date frame: the highest level on arts reached by the Ottomans called Classical Period. 110The Penwork also has been imroved on this period has been imroved on this period has been gained Modes like `Edirnekâri` and `Malakâri`. İt has been created Penwork masterpieces on the mosques, Domes and other various architectural works at hose times.. The Rumi, Hatai and Penç are the blossom weighed motives. Red, Indigo, navy blue, green, gold leaf are the colours of that particular age. And it is Co unter particularity on the edge of the design.. The important buildings of that period were mosques, Domes and palaces. BAROQUE AND ROCOCO MODE The Baroque is the name given in europe to the pearl which sur faces are not plane and not circular but shapiles mound and not regu lar. The Baroque Mode has been created by the Architect Bernin after Renaissance also known as Mode of Loui the XTV. The Mode Rococo has been flourished from the Rokay mode. The emmbellishment mode of Rokay is partiularly used Sea creatures, insects, sea shells, the bends of sea shells, and the other creatures has been used. After the weight of 14. th Lui Mode, the flourished mode called Rejans or Rococo.. The Baroque Mode has been come to Turkey at 1730. Rococo has been entered on XVIII th century and became a fashion The dominated modes either in architect or embellishment called as `Turkish Baroque`. Because, these modesare became a Turkish Style. The Buildings of this era and besides these on the cassical mosques has been made work on this style, Pastel colours and the tones of these colours are the master of the colours. To make shady iş the base of these modes. THE. EMPIRE. STYLE On the era of Napolion Banopart, begininig at 1804, on restora tion period and the time of King Louis-Philippe continued 30 years. 111This mode has been created by the Pereler (1764-1838) aind Fontaine (1762-1853) named architects. The Empire Style takes its inspiration from the ancient Greek and Roman arts. The has been made important to the magnificience rather than embellishments. This style, at the period of Mahmut II, has been entered in to Turkey by some architects and the goods. And meterials. and ithas continued from 1808 to 1874. The Rumi Form has been joined to this art and has been ornamented flower and panorama pictures. The live colours has been used. Penwork is an important art branch from 13 th century. And it. has reached its top level on 16 th century. The brush technic and the fineness of the designs are the property of the era. The Baroque, Roco co and the Empirstyles came by opening to the west and as mixing with the Turkish styles caused good buildings to be created, until last ten years the arts excluded from the Turkish arts of last era arts., after this time has been taken as an important case, and given necessary im portance to these arts and has gained the protection. 112